Appendix:Tashelhit Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Tashelhit, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Tashelhit
1 I nkki
2 you (singular) kyyi (m), kmmi (f)
3 he, she, it ntta (m), nttat (f)
4 we nkkʷni (m), nkkʷnti (f)
5 you (plural) kʷnni (m), kʷnninti (f)
6 they nttni (m), nttnti (f)
7 this ɣad, ad
8 that ɣan, an
9 here ɣid
10 there ɣin
11 who ma(n) (interrogative)
12 what mi(t) (interrogative)
13 where mani (interrogative)
14 when manago (interrogative)
15 how manik, mamnk (interrogative)
16 not or
17 all akkʷ, kollo
18 many kada, mnnaw
19 some yan mnnaw
20 few imik
21 other wayyaḍ (m), tayyaḍ (f)
22 one yan
23 two sin
24 three kraḍ
25 four kkoz
26 five smmos
27 big imqqur
28 long uɣzif, iɣzzif
29 wide yusɛa
30 thick iṭṭubz, iḍni
31 heavy iẓẓay
32 small imzziy
33 short igzzul
34 narrow ikrruz
35 thin icḍaḍ, isdid
36 woman tamɣart
37 man (adult male) argaz
38 man (human being) afgan
39 child afrux
40 wife tamɣart, lahl
41 husband argaz
42 mother inna, immi
43 father baba
44 animal lbhimt, lhwaych
45 fish islm
46 bird agḍiḍ
47 dog aydi
48 louse tilkit
49 snake alkmaḍ, ablinka
50 worm tawkka, tabxxuyt
51 tree taddagt
52 forest tagant
53 stick akccuḍ
54 fruit
55 seed amod
56 leaf ifr
57 root aẓur
58 bark (of a tree) tifrkkit (f), ifrkki (m)
59 flower ajddig
60 grass tuga, afar
61 rope ccriṭṭ, izikr
62 skin ilm
63 meat tifyyi
64 blood idamn
65 bone ixss
66 fat (noun) tadunt
67 egg taglayt
68 horn isk
69 tail acṭṭab, acwwaḍ
70 feather abzzir
71 hair azzar, ajaffa
72 head agayyu
73 ear amzzuɣ
74 eye tiṭṭ
75 nose inxar
76 mouth imi
77 tooth axs
78 tongue (organ) ils
79 fingernail iskr
80 foot abaklla, aḍar, tiqqrt
81 leg tiqqrt
82 knee afud
83 hand afus
84 wing ifr
85 belly aḥlig, adis, ahbbuḍ, aḥrur
86 guts ibaɛlal, ilawan, irawdan
87 neck iggi umggrḍ, amggrḍ
88 back tiɣraḍ, timzaḍin
89 breast admr
90 heart ul
91 liver tasa
92 to drink su
93 to eat c, ic, ctta
94 to bite bbi
95 to suck ssum
96 to spit ssufs
97 to vomit trra
98 to blow suff
99 to breathe cuncḍ
100 to laugh ḍssa
101 to see ẓr, mnid, smuqql
102 to hear slla, slla
103 to know ssn
104 to think swingm
105 to smell kḍu
106 to fear kṣuḍ
107 to sleep ṭs
108 to live sul, ddr
109 to die mmt
110 to kill
111 to fight mmaɣ
112 to hunt gmr
113 to hit ut
114 to cut bbi
115 to split bḍu
116 to stab
117 to scratch krrj
118 to dig ɣz
119 to swim aɛwm
120 to fly ayl
121 to walk fttu
122 to come ackd, actt, aywad
123 to lie (as in a bed) gn
124 to sit ggawr
125 to stand bidd
126 to turn (intransitive) ssutl
127 to fall ḍr
128 to give fk
129 to hold amẓ, zzga
130 to squeeze ẓm
131 to rub ḥukku
132 to wash ssird
133 to wipe ṣfḍ
134 to pull awk
135 to push dḥi
136 to throw luḥ
137 to tie ass, krs
138 to sew gnu
139 to count ḥasb
140 to say ini
141 to sing tirir
142 to play hḍr
143 to float aywul
144 to flow ngi
145 to freeze sɣr
146 to swell uff
147 sun tafukt
148 moon ayyur
149 star titrit
150 water aman
151 rain anẓar
152 river asif
153 lake tamda
154 sea lbḥr
155 salt tisnt
156 stone aẓru
157 sand amlal
158 dust agḍrur
159 earth akal
160 cloud amdlu
161 fog tagut
162 sky ignna
163 wind aḍu
164 snow adfl
165 ice
166 smoke aggu
167 fire lɛfit, takat
168 ash iɣd
169 to burn jdr
170 road aɣaras
171 mountain amadl, adrar
172 red azggaɣ
173 green azgzaw
174 yellow awraɣ
175 white umlil, acumlil
176 black axḍri, asggan
177 night iḍ
178 day ass
179 year asggʷas
180 warm tirɣi
181 cold aṣmmiḍ
182 full iktar
183 new ljdid
184 old aqdim
185 good ifulki
186 bad ixcn
187 rotten ihlk
188 dirty irkal
189 straight yuɣd
190 round issutl
191 sharp (as a knife) imsad
192 dull (as a knife) iḥfa
193 smooth iḥrar
194 wet ibdag
195 dry izwa
196 correct iṣḥa
197 near yaẓ
198 far yaggug
199 right afasi
200 left aẓlmaḍ
201 at ɣ
202 in ɣ
203 with d
204 and d
205 if
206 because acku
207 name ism
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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