Appendix:Chavacano Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Chavacano, compared with definitions in English.

Introduction

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Chavacano
Chabacano
1 I yo
2 you (singular) tu (familiar), evos (used with equals), usté (polite)
3 he, she, it ele
4 we inclusive: kita exclusive: kame, nosotros (formal)
5 you (plural) kamo (informal), vosotros, ustedes (formal)
6 they sila (informal), ellos (formal)
7 this este
8 that aquel
9 here aquí
10 there allá (near speaker), allí (far from speaker)
11 who quien
12 what que
13 where donde
14 when cuando
15 how que manera, que modo
16 not jendeh
17 all todo
18 many mucho
19 some algunos
20 few poco
21 other otro
22 one uno
23 two dos
24 three tres
25 four cuatro
26 five cinco
27 big grande
28 long largo
29 wide ancho
30 thick grueso
31 heavy pesao
32 small chiquito
33 short pequeño
34 narrow estrecho
35 thin flaco
36 woman mujer
37 man (adult male) hombre
38 man (human being) gente
39 child anak, niño, chiquillo
40 wife mujer
41 husband marido
42 mother mamá, nana, madre
43 father papá, tata, padre
44 animal animal
45 fish pescao
46 bird pájaro
47 dog perro
48 louse kuto, pulgas (animal lice)
49 snake culebra
50 worm gusano
51 tree palo, pono
52 forest bosque
53 stick palito
54 fruit fruta
55 seed pipita
56 leaf hojas
57 root raíz
58 bark (of a tree) corteza
59 flower flores
60 grass zacate
61 rope amaro, mecate
62 skin pellejo
63 meat carne
64 blood sangre
65 bone hueso
66 fat (noun) gordura
67 egg huevo
68 horn sungay, cuerno
69 tail rabo
70 feather pluma
71 hair pelo
72 head cabeza
73 ear orejas
74 eye ojos
75 nose nariz
76 mouth boca
77 tooth diente
78 tongue (organ) lengua
79 fingernail uñas
80 foot pie
81 leg pata, pierna
82 knee rodillas
83 hand mano
84 wing alas
85 belly barriga, estómago
86 guts tripa
87 neck pescuezo
88 back detrás
89 breast mama, pecho
90 heart corazón
91 liver hígado
92 to drink bebé
93 to eat comé
94 to bite mordé
95 to suck chupá
96 to spit escupí
97 to vomit vomitá
98 to blow soplá
99 to breathe resollá
100 to laugh ri
101 to see mirá
102 to hear
103 to know conocé, sabé
104 to think pensá
105 to smell olé
106 to fear temé
107 to sleep dormí
108 to live viví
109 to die morí
110 to kill matá
111 to fight peleá
112 to hunt cazá
113 to hit golpeá
114 to cut cortá
115 to split partí
116 to stab apuñalá
117 to scratch rasguñá, rascar
118 to dig hukay, gravá
119 to swim nadá
120 to fly volá
121 to walk caminá
122 to come vení
123 to lie (as in a bed) acostá
124 to sit sentá
125 to stand pará
126 to turn (intransitive) virá
127 to fall cai
128 to give dale
129 to hold agarrá
130 to squeeze apretá
131 to rub frotá
132 to wash lavá
133 to wipe limpiá
134 to pull estirá, hilá
135 to push rempujá
136 to throw botá
137 to tie amará
138 to sew cosé
139 to count contá
140 to say decí
141 to sing cantá
142 to play jugá
143 to float lutaw
144 to flow fluí
145 to freeze helá
146 to swell hinchá
147 sun sol
148 moon luna
149 star estrellas
150 water agua
151 rain lluvia
152 river rió
153 lake lago
154 sea mar
155 salt sal
156 stone piedra
157 sand arena
158 dust polvo
159 earth tierra
160 cloud nube
161 fog neblina
162 sky cielo
163 wind viento
164 snow nieve
165 ice hielo
166 smoke humo
167 fire fuego, incendio
168 ash ceniza
169 to burn quemá
170 road camino
171 mountain montaña, monte
172 red colorao
173 green verde
174 yellow amarillo
175 white blanco
176 black negro, blak
177 night noche
178 day día
179 year año
180 warm caliente
181 cold frio
182 full lleno
183 new nuevo
184 old viejo (of a person), daan (of an object)
185 good bueno
186 bad malo
187 rotten podrido
188 dirty sucio
189 straight derecho
190 round redondo
191 sharp (as a knife) agudo
192 dull (as a knife) madumpol, mapurol
193 smooth liso
194 wet mojao
195 dry seco
196 correct correcto
197 near cerca
198 far lejos, distante
199 right derecha
200 left kaliwa, izquierda
201 at en, a
202 in en
203 with con
204 and y
205 if si
206 because quelaya, kasi, kay
207 name nombre
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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