Appendix:Uyghur Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Uyghur, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishUyghur
ئۇيغۇرچە (uyghurche)
edit (207)
1I (1sg)مەن (men)
2you (2sg)سەن (sen), سىز (siz) (polite), سىلى (sili) (honorific)
3he, she, it (3sg)ئۇ (u)
4we (1pl)بىز (biz)
5you (2pl)سىلەر (siler), سىزلەر (sizler) (polite), ھەر قايسىلىرى (her qaysiliri) (honorific)
6they (3pl)ئۇلار (ular)
7thisبۇ (bu)
8thatئۇ (u)
9hereبۇ يەردە (bu yerde)
10thereئۇ يەردە (u yerde)
11whoكىم (kim)
12whatنېمە (nëme)
13whereقەيەردە (qeyerde)
14whenقاچان (qachan), قانچىدە (qanchide), نەچچىدە (nechchide)
15howقانداق (qandaq)
16notيوق (yoq), ئەمەس (emes)
17allھەممە (hemme) (Persian), بارچە (barche), پۈتۈن (pütün), بارلىق (barliq)
18manyكۆپ (köp)
19someبىر قانچە (bir qanche) (a few), ئازراق (azraq) (lit. fewer), بەزى (bezi) (Arabic)
20fewئاز (az)
21otherباشقا (bashqa), ئۆزگە (özge), ئارتۇق (artuq)
22oneبىر (bir)
23twoئىككى (ikki)
24threeئۈچ (üch)
25fourتۆت (töt)
26fiveبەش (besh)
27bigچوڭ (chong) (older), يوغان (yoghan), بۈيۈك (büyük), زور (zor) (Persian)
28longئۇزۇن (uzun)
29wideكەڭ (keng)
30thickقېلىن (qëlin)
31heavyئېغىر (ëghir)
32smallكىچىك (kichik)
33shortقىسقا (qisqa)
34narrowتار (tar)
35thinئىنچىكە (inchike), يۇپقا (yupqa)
36womanئايال (ayal) (Arabic)
37man (adult male)ئەر (er), ئەركەك (erkek)
38man (human being)ئىنسان (insan), كىشى (kishi)
39childبالا (bala)
40wifeخوتۇن (xotun) (Mong.), ئايال (ayal) (woman), يولداش (yoldash) (spouse)
41husbandيولداش (yoldash) (spouse), ئەر (er) (man)
42motherئانا (ana)
43fatherدادا (dada), ئاتا (ata)
44animalھايۋان (haywan) (Arabic), جانلىق (janliq) (Persian)
45fishبېلىق (bëliq)
46birdقۇش (qush)
47dogئىت (it)
48louseپىت (pit)
49snakeيىلان (yilan)
50wormقۇرۇت (qurut)
51treeدەرەخ (derex) (Persian), ياغاچ (yaghach) (wood, lumber)
52forestئورمان (orman), جاڭگال (janggal)
53stickچوقماق (choqmaq), تاياق (tayaq) (stick, cane), سويلا (soyla) (twig), چىۋىق (chiwiq) (twig)
54fruitمەۋە (mewe) (Persian), يەل-يېمىش (yel-yëmish)
55seedئۇرۇق (uruq), تۇخۇم (tuxum) (human's seed, sperm)
56leafيوپۇرماق (yopurmaq), ياپراق (yapraq)
57rootيىلتىز (yiltiz), تۈپ (tüp)
58bark (of a tree)قوۋزاق (qowzaq)
59flowerگۈل (gül) (Persian), چېچەك (chëchek) (esp. blossoms of trees)
60grassئوت (ot), ئوت-چۆپ (ot-chöp), چۆپ (chöp)
61ropeئارقان (arqan), ئارغامچا (arghamcha)
62skinتېرە (tëre)
63meatگۆش (gösh) (Persian), ئەت (et) (flesh)
64bloodقان (qan)
65boneسۆڭەك (sö'ngek)
66fat (noun)ياغ (yagh), ماي (may)
67eggتۇخۇم (tuxum)
68hornمۈڭگۈز (münggüz)
69tailقۇيرۇق (quyruq)
70featherپەي (pey)
71hairچاچ (chach) (of a person's head), تۈك (tük), قىل (qil) (bristles)
72headباش (bash)
73earقۇلاق (qulaq)
74eyeكۆز (köz)
75noseبۇرۇن (burun)
76mouthئاغىز (aghiz)
77toothچىش (chish)
78tongue (organ)تىل (til)
79fingernailتىرناق (tirnaq), تىيماق (tiymaq)
80footئاياق (ayaq)
81legپۇت (put)
82kneeتىز (tiz)
83handقول (qol)
84wingقانات (qanat)
85bellyقورساق (qorsaq), قارىن (qarin) (colloquial)
86gutsئۈچەي (üchey) (intestine)
87neckبويۇن (boyun)
88backئارقا (arqa)
89breastئەمچەك (emchek) (female), كۆكرەك (kökrek) (human), تۆش (tösh) (animal), كۆكسى (köksi) (human)
90heartيۈرەك (yürek)
91liverجىگەر (jiger) (Persian), بېغىر (bëghir)
92to drinkئىچمەك (ichmek)
93to eatيىمەك (yimek), يېمەك (yëmek)
94to biteچىشلىمەك (chishlimek)
95to suckئەممەك (emmek) (breast), شورىماق (shorimaq) (on a straw)
96to spitتۈكۈرمەك (tükürmek)
97to vomitقۇسماق (qusmaq)
98to blowپۈۋدىمەك (püwdimek)
99to breatheنەپەس ئالماق (nepes almaq), دەم ئالماق (dem almaq)
100to laughكۈلمەك (külmek)
101to seeكۆرمەك (körmek)
102to hearئاڭلىماق (anglimaq)
103to knowبىلمەك (bilmek)
104to thinkئويلىماق (oylimaq), پىكىر قىلماق (pikir qilmaq)
105to smellپۇرىماق (purimaq) (sniff, smell)
106to fearقورقماق (qorqmaq)
107to sleepئۇخلىماق (uxlimaq)
108to liveياشىماق (yashimaq)
109to dieئۆلمەك (ölmek)
110to killئۆلتۈرمەك (öltürmek)
111to fightسوقۇشماق (soqushmaq), ئۇرۇشماق (urushmaq)
112to huntئوۋلىماق (owlimaq)
113to hitئۇرماق (urmaq)
114to cutكەسمەك (kesmek), قىيماق (qiymaq) (with a pair of scissors)
115to splitيارماق (yarmaq)
116to stabتىقماق (tiqmaq) (to insert), سانجىماق (sanjimaq), پىچاقلىماق (pichaqlimaq)
117to scratchتىرناقلىماق (tirnaqlimaq)
118to digkolimaq, قازماق (qazmaq)
119to swimسۇ ئۈزمەك (su üzmek)
120to flyئۇچماق (uchmaq)
121to walkماڭماق (mangmaq), يۈرمەك (yürmek)
122to comeكەلمەك (kelmek)
123to lie (as in a bed)ياتماق (yatmaq)
124to sitئولتۇرماق (olturmaq)
125to standتۇرماق (turmaq)
126to turn (intransitive)بۇرىماق (burimaq), ئۆرۈمەك (örümek) (from one side to another), ئايلاندۇرماق (aylandurmaq), پېقىراتماق (pëqiratmaq)
127to fallچۈشمەك (chüshmek), يىقىلماق (yiqilmaq), غۇلىماق (ghulimaq)
128to giveبەرمەك (bermek)
129to holdتۇتماق (tutmaq)
130to squeezeقىسماق (qismaq), سىقماق (siqmaq)
131to rubسۈركىمەك (sürkimek)
132to washيۇيماق (yuymaq)
133to wipeسۈرتمەك (sürtmek)
134to pullتارتماق (tartmaq)
135to pushئىتتەرمەك (ittermek)
136to throwتاشلىماق (tashlimaq), ئاتماق (atmaq)
137to tieباغلىماق (baghlimaq)
138to sewتىكمەك (tikmek)
139to countسانىماق (sanimaq)
140to sayدېمەك (dëmek), ئېيتماق (ëytmaq)
141to singناخشا ئېيتماق (naxsha ëytmaq), سايرىماق (sayrimaq)
142to playئوينىماق (oynimaq)
143to floatلەيلىمەك (leylimek) (float,drift), ئۈزمەك (üzmek), لەپىلدىمەك (lepildimek) (flutter, wave, flap)
144to flowئاقماق (aqmaq)
145to freezeتوڭلىماق (tonglimaq)
146to swellكۆپمەك (köpmek) (swell, bloat), قاپارماق (qaparmaq) (to blister), ئىششىماق (ishshimaq)
147sunكۈن (kün), قۇياش (quyash) (Persian)
148moonئاي (ay)
149starيۇلتۇز (yultuz)
150waterسۇ (su)
151rainيامغۇر (yamghur)
152riverدەريا (derya) (Persian)
153lakeكۆل (köl)
154seaدېڭىز (dë'ngiz)
155saltتۇز (tuz)
156stoneتاش (tash)
157sandقۇم (qum)
158dustچاڭ (chang), توزاڭ (tozang)
159earthتوپا (topa), تۇپراق (tupraq), يېر (yër)
160cloudبۇلۇت (bulut)
161fogتۇمان (tuman)
162skyئاسمان (asman) (Persian), كۆك (kök) (blue, sky)
163windشامال (shamal) (Arabic), شەلكىن شامال (shelkin shamal) (breeze)
164snowقار (qar)
165iceمۇز (muz)
166smokeتۈتۈن (tütün), ئىس (is)
167fireئوت (ot), ئاتەش (atesh) (literary, Persian)
168ashكۈل (kül)
169to burnكۆيمەك (köymek), يانماق (yanmaq)
170roadيول (yol)
171mountainتاغ (tagh)
172redقىزىل (qizil)
173greenيېشىل (yëshil)
174yellowسېرىق (sëriq)
175whiteئاق (aq)
176blackقارا (qara), سىياھ رەڭ (siyah reng) (Persian)
177nightتۈن (tün), كېچە (këche) (night; yesterday), كېچ (këch) (late, dusk, evening)
178dayكۈن (kün)
179yearيىل (yil)
180warmئىللىق (illiq), ئىلمان (ilman)
181coldسوغ (sogh), سوغۇق (soghuq)
182fullتولۇق (toluq)
183newيېڭى (yë'ngi)
184oldكونا (kona) (of things, Persian), ئەسكى (eski) (ramshackle, vicious)
185goodياخشى (yaxshi), ياراملىق (yaramliq), ئىزگۈ (izgü) (literary)
186badيامان (yaman), يارامسىز (yaramsiz), ناچار (nachar), ئوسال (osal)
187rottenچىرىك (chirik), چىرىگەن (chirigen)
188dirtyكىر (kir), مەينەت (meynet) (Arabic?), پاسكىنا (paskina)
189straightئۇدۇل (udul), تۈز (tüz)
190roundدوملاق (domlaq), يۇمىلاق (yumilaq)
191sharp (as a knife)كەسكىن (keskin), ئۆتكۈر (ötkür), ئىتتىك (ittik)
192dull (as a knife)ئۆتمەس (ötmes), قاشاڭ (qashang)
193smoothتەكشى (tekshi) (Mong.?), سىلىق (siliq)
194wetھۆل (höl), نەم (nem)
195dryقۇرۇق (quruq), قۇرغاق (qurghaq)
196correctتوغرا (toghra), دۇرۇس (durus)
197nearيېقىن (yëqin)
198farيىراق (yiraq), ئۇزاق (uzaq)
199rightئوڭ (ong)
200leftسول (sol)
201at-دا/-دە/-تا/-تە (-da/-de/-ta/-te)
202inئىچىدە (ichide), ئىچرە (ichre) (literary), -دا/-دە/-تا/-تە (-da/-de/-ta/-te)
203withبىلەن (bilen)
204andۋە (we) (Arabic or Persian), ھەم (hem), يەنە (yene)
205if-سا/-سە (-sa/-se), ئەگەر (eger) (Persian)
206because-غاچقا (-ghachqa), -گەچكە (-gechke), -قاچقا (-qachqa), -كەچ (-kech), چۈنكى (chünki) (Persian)
207nameئات (at), ئىسىم (isim) (Arabic), نام (nam) (Persian)
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