Appendix:Kurmanji Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Northern Kurdish, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishNorthern Kurdish
edit (207)
1I (1sg)ez
2you (2sg)tu, ti
3he, she, it (3sg)ew
4we (1pl)em
5you (2pl)hûn, hîn, engo
6they (3pl)ew, ewan
7thisev
8thatew
9hereli vir, vir
10therewê derê, wir
11who,
12whatçî, çi
13wherekwê, kêrê
14whenkengi, key
15howçewan, çon, ku
16notna, ne
17allxirr, pirrani, gişt, hemu
18manyzor, mişe, zaf, pirr
19somehindek
20fewpîçek
21otherdin, , tir, ke
22oneyek
23twodu
24three
25fourçar
26fivepênc
27bigmezin, gir
28longdirêj
29widepan
30thickstur
31heavyqurs, giran
32smallbçîk, çikole
33shortkurt, qule
34narrowbarîk, zirav, narîn
35thintenik, tesik
36womanjin
37man (adult male)mêr
38man (human being)mirov
39childzarok, zarr
40wifejin, xêzan
41husbandmêr, mêrd
42motherdayik, daye
43fatherbav, bab
44animalajel, huvî
45fishmasî
46birdçîvanok, kêjule, mel
47dogkuti, kuçik
48louseqêç, spî
49snakemar
50wormkirm
51treedar
52forestlêrr, daristan
53stickgopal, ço, şiv
54fruitfêqîh, terre
55seeddanewêlle, dank
56leafpelk, gella
57rootreh, nêrk, çîl
58bark (of a tree)tukl, berg
59flowerkulilk, gul
60grassgîya
61ropepetk, gurîs, kindir
62skinkewl, pêst, pîst
63meatgoşt
64bloodzux, xwîn
65bonepêşe, hestî
66fat (noun)bez
67egghêk, êg, hêlke
68hornstro, qoç, şax
69tailkilk, boç, duv
70featherperr, perremuç
71hairpirç, por
72headser, pope
73earguh, gwê
74eyeçav, çaw
75nosedifin, poz, kep
76mouthdev, dew, dem
77toothdan, didan
78tongue (organ)ziman
79fingernailnînok
80foot
81leglaq, qaç
82kneeçok, ejno
83handpel, lip, dest
84wingbal
85bellynêk, zik
86gutshenav, wirg
87neckhevk, mil
88backpişt
89breastberok, sîng
90heartdil
91livercîger, kezeb
92to drinkvexwarin, xwarewe
93to eatxwarin
94to bitegezî
95to suckmijîn
96to spittifand, helawêşt
97to vomithelawêşt, rişawe
98to blowhelda, frêda
99to breathehenaseda, bêhnda
100to laughkeni, pêkeni
101to seedîtin
102to hearbîstin
103to knowzanîn
104to thinkbîr
105to smellbon kird
106to feartirsîn, toqî
107to sleepnivistin, xewt
108to livejîyan
109to diemirin
110to killkuştin
111to fightşer kird
112to huntraw kird
113to hitlêda
114to cutqirta, qut kir
115to splitlet kird
116to stabengawt
117to scratchruçinand
118to digkolî, kêla
119to swimajne kirin
120to flyfirrîn
121to walkpîase
122to comehatin
123to lie (as in a bed)razan
124to sitdanîşt
125to standhesta, westyîa
126to turn (intransitive)zivrrî, surawe
127to fallke(f)tin
128to giveda
129to holdgirtin
130to squeezequşî
131to rubglofî, firkand, perxand, germrand
132to washşord, şuşt
133to wipemalî, sirrîewe
134to pullrakêşa
135to pushpal da
136to throwhelda, havêşt
137to tieşetek da, best
138to sewdurî
139to countjimartin, hejmartin
140to saygotin, bejî, wut
141to singçirrî, sitran
142to playleîzî, yarî kird
143to floatserav bu
144to flowrîja
145to freezetezî, sirr bu
146to swellbel bu, penma
147sunroj, [Term?]
148moonmah, heyv
149starstêre, estêre
150waterav, aw
151rainbaran, şilî
152riverro, çem, rubar
153lakegom
154seazerîa
155saltxwê
156stoneber, kevir
157sandzîx, lim
158dusttoz, xol
159eartherd, zevî
160cloudewr
161fogmij
162skyasman
163windba
164snowbefr, berf
165icesehol
166smokedukel
167fireagir, ar
168ashxolemêş, xoli
169to burnsuta, sot
170road, rêge
171mountainçiya
172redsor
173greenkesk, heşîn
174yellowzer
175whitespî
176blackreş
177nightşev
178dayroj
179yearsal
180warmgerm
181coldsar
182fulltije, tijî
183new
184oldkevn
185goodbaş, rind
186badbed
187rottenrizî
188dirtypîs
189straightrêk
190roundxirr
191sharp (as a knife)tîj
192dull (as a knife)kul
193smoothlus
194wetşil terr
195dryzuha, hîşk, wuşk
196correctdrust
197nearnizîk
198fardur, dur
199rightand, rast
200leftçep
201atle, ji
202indi ... de, di
203withdigel, legel, wêrrai
204andu, we
205ifheke
206becauseji ber ku
207namenav, nam
[edit]
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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