Appendix:Novial Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Novial, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Novial
Novial
1 I me
2 you (singular) vu
3 he, she, it lo
4 we nus
5 you (plural) vus
6 they los (males)
7 this disi
8 that ti
9 here hir
10 there dar
11 who que
12 what quum
13 where vor
14 when quand
15 how quam
16 not non
17 all omni
18 many multi
19 some kelki
20 few poki
21 other altri
22 one un, uni
23 two du
24 three tri
25 four quar
26 five sink
27 big grandi
28 long longi
29 wide larji
30 thick gros, grosi
31 heavy grav, gravi
32 small mikri
33 short kurti
34 narrow angusti
35 thin tenu, tenui
36 woman homa, fema
37 man (adult male) homo, viro
38 man (human being) home
39 child infante
40 wife marita
41 husband marito
42 mother matra
43 father patro
44 animal animale
45 fish fishe
46 bird fogle
47 dog hunde
48 louse lause
49 snake serpente
50 worm verme
51 tree arbre
52 forest foreste
53 stick bastone
54 fruit frukte
55 seed seme
56 leaf folie
57 root radike
58 bark (of a tree) kortise
59 flower flore
60 grass gasone
61 rope korde
62 skin pele
63 meat karne
64 blood sange
65 bone ose
66 fat (noun) grasi
67 egg ove
68 horn korne
69 tail kaude
70 feather plume
71 hair hare
72 head kape
73 ear orele
74 eye okule
75 nose nase
76 mouth boke
77 tooth dente
78 tongue (organ) lange, tunge
79 fingernail ungle
80 foot pede
81 leg gambe
82 knee genu
83 hand manu
84 wing ale
85 belly ventre
86 guts intestines
87 neck kole
88 back dorse
89 breast pektore, bruste
90 heart kordie
91 liver hepate
92 to drink drinka
93 to eat manja
94 to bite morda
95 to suck suka
96 to spit sputa
97 to vomit vomi
98 to blow sufla
99 to breathe spira
100 to laugh rida
101 to see vida
102 to hear audi
103 to know sava, konosa
104 to think pensa
105 to smell flara
106 to fear tima, pavora
107 to sleep dormi
108 to live viva
109 to die mori
110 to kill tua
111 to fight kombata
112 to hunt chasa
113 to hit frapa
114 to cut seka
115 to split fenda
116 to stab pika
117 to scratch grata
118 to dig fosa
119 to swim svima
120 to fly vola
121 to walk marcha
122 to come veni
123 to lie (as in a bed) lia
124 to sit sida
125 to stand stea
126 to turn (intransitive) rota
127 to fall fala
128 to give dona
129 to hold tena
130 to squeeze klema
131 to rub frota
132 to wash lava
133 to wipe visha
134 to pull tira
135 to push shova
136 to throw jeta
137 to tie liga
138 to sew suta
139 to count konta, nombra
140 to say dikte
141 to sing kanta
142 to play plea
143 to float flota
144 to flow flua
145 to freeze frosta, glasieska, konjela
146 to swell infla, plugrandeska
147 sun sune
148 moon lune
149 star astre, stele
150 water aque
151 rain pluve
152 river fluvie
153 lake lage
154 sea mare
155 salt sale
156 stone petre
157 sand sande
158 dust polve
159 earth tere
160 cloud nube
161 fog neble
162 sky siele
163 wind vente
164 snow nive
165 ice glasie
166 smoke fume
167 fire faire
168 ash sindre
169 to burn brula, kombuste
170 road rade, vie, strade
171 mountain monte
172 red red, redi
173 green verdi
174 yellow gelbi
175 white blanki
176 black nigri
177 night nokte
178 day jorne
179 year yare
180 warm varm, varmi
181 cold koldi
182 full plen, pleni
183 new nov, novi
184 old old, oldi
185 good bon, boni
186 bad mal, mali
187 rotten putrit, putriti
188 dirty sordid, sordidi
189 straight rekt, rekti
190 round rond, rondi
191 sharp (as a knife) akut, akuti
192 dull (as a knife) obtus, obtusi
193 smooth glati
194 wet dessik, dessiki
195 dry sik, siki
196 correct just, justi
197 near proxim
198 far ferni
199 right dextri
200 left lefti
201 at an, che
202 in in
203 with kun
204 and e
205 if si
206 because pro ke
207 name nome

See also

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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