Appendix:Caló Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Caló, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Caló
chipicallí
1 I menda, man
2 you (singular) tucue, tute, tue
3 he, she, it ó
4 we amangue, mu
5 you (plural) sangue
6 they junós, sirás
7 this ocona
8 that ocola
9 here acoi
10 there oté, aotal
11 who coin
12 what sos
13 where duque
14 when pur
15 how sata
16 not nanai
17 all saró
18 many frimé
19 some yeque
20 few butré
21 other aver
22 one yequé
23 two dui
24 three trin
25 four ostar
26 five panche
27 big baró
28 long lachinguel
29 wide aulé
30 thick
31 heavy estongeró
32 small chinorré
33 short tiquiñó
34 narrow trujon
35 thin jucó
36 woman cachí
37 man (adult male) manú
38 man (human being) elabel
39 child chinorré
40 wife romí
41 husband , rom
42 mother bata, dai, chindai
43 father bato, batú
44 animal bustronel
45 fish maché
46 bird chiricló
47 dog tamború, chuquel
48 louse chugao
49 snake sarapé, julistraba
50 worm quirmó
51 tree arberuqué, erulé
52 forest toberjelí
53 stick casté
54 fruit
55 seed
56 leaf parojí, orapaja, oropatia
57 root
58 bark (of a tree) orují, chilica
59 flower zujemia
60 grass cha
61 rope rapela
62 skin postí
63 meat crioja
64 blood arate
65 bone cocalé
66 fat (noun) putirichí, chullimí
67 egg anró, albaire
68 horn rogó, nogué
69 tail mamporí
70 feather porumí
71 hair bal, bale
72 head jeró, chola
73 ear gerta, can
74 eye aquí
75 nose napia, ñacle, nacrí, naquí
76 mouth rotuñí, retuñí, muí
77 tooth piño
78 tongue (organ) chipí
79 fingernail turra, ñaí
80 foot pinré
81 leg pachimachí, pachimí, jeriá
82 knee chanclí, rullistaque
83 hand bate, baste
84 wing ondina, mutrí
85 belly po, poriá
86 guts porría
87 neck canró, garló
88 back espulví, varandía, palá
89 breast poste, cuchá
90 heart garlochín, carlochín
91 liver bucó
92 to drink privar, piyar, tapiyar
93 to eat jamar, pallipear
94 to bite
95 to suck jaramar, mamisarar
96 to spit chiotar, chiscar, chismar
97 to vomit
98 to blow chumasquerar
99 to breathe resuñar, arispar
100 to laugh guirrar, salar
101 to see dicar, endicar, apicharar
102 to hear junar
103 to know
104 to think orobrar, penchabar
105 to smell jinglar
106 to fear canguelar
107 to sleep sobar
108 to live apuchelar
109 to die espichar, merar, esmerar
110 to kill mulabar, marar, tasabar, tasabelar
111 to fight chicarelar
112 to hunt cholarar
113 to hit chaltrar, curarar
114 to cut chinar, velar
115 to split partisarelar, aginar, asparabar, nacar, naquelar, nichobelar
116 to stab baraustar
117 to scratch ñaicar, arisojar
118 to dig
119 to swim chapalatear, ñañabar
120 to fly balogar
121 to walk pirar, pirelar, chalar
122 to come abillar
123 to lie (as in a bed)
124 to sit
125 to stand
126 to turn (intransitive) trutar
127 to fall opelar, perar
128 to give diñar, diñelar
129 to hold abelar, terablar
130 to squeeze trinquelar, pandelar
131 to rub
132 to wash malipiar, muchobeIar, chobelar
133 to wipe alipiar, julabelar, malipiar
134 to pull
135 to push pinjempar
136 to throw bucharelar
137 to tie pandar, pandebrar, ñaquibar
138 to sew sibar
139 to count penar, jinar
140 to say penar
141 to sing guiyabar
142 to play ficar
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun cam, ocán, orcán
148 moon chimutre
149 star uchurgañí
150 water pañí
151 rain brijinda
152 river leste, len
153 lake chenopañí
154 sea moró, pañibaró
155 salt lon
156 stone bar, barendañí
157 sand ardombardí
158 dust pracó
159 earth chen, jolilí, pu
160 cloud paré, paró
161 fog cohedí
162 sky otalpe, charó, tarpe
163 wind bear, barbán
164 snow jibé
165 ice jecó
166 smoke hua
167 fire llagulé, yaque
168 ash
169 to burn jachar
170 road dron
171 mountain bur, play, toberjelí
172 red
173 green bardorí
174 yellow batacolé
175 white plasnó
176 black gallardó
177 night arachí, rachí, tarachí
178 day chibel
179 year dané, breje
180 warm
181 cold barojil
182 full perdó, perelaló
183 new nebó
184 old puré
185 good lachó
186 bad bastal, chorré, malorré, nasaló, tuyaló
187 rotten
188 dirty jindó
189 straight
190 round borondo, rendepé
191 sharp (as a knife)
192 dull (as a knife)
193 smooth
194 wet
195 dry bipanioso, jairó
196 correct
197 near sumparal
198 far dur
199 right bustarí
200 left yesdra
201 at á
202 in an, on, andré
203 with sat, sar
204 and y, ta
205 if unga
206 because presas
207 name nao

References

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  • J. Tineo Rebolledo (1900) A Chipicalli (La Llengua Gitana)[1], Granada: Gómez de la Cruz, →OCLC
  • Francisco Quindalé (1867) Diccionario gitano[2], Madrid: Oficina Tipográfica del Hospicio
  • “Vocabulario : Caló - Español”, in Portal del Flamenco y Universidad[3], Portal del Flamenco y Universidad, (Can we date this quote?)
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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