Appendix:Old Japanese Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Old Japanese, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Old Japanese
kanji
Old Japanese
kana
Transcription
1 I / あれ/われ are/ware
2 you (singular) なれ/いまし nare/imasi
3 he かれ kare
4 we 我等 われら warera
5 you (plural) 汝等 なれら narera
6 they 彼等 かれら karera
7 this kore
8 that かれ kare
9 here 此間 koko
10 there 彼所 soko
11 who たれ tare
12 what なに nani
13 where 何処 いづく iduku
14 when 何時 いつ itu
15 how 如何 いか ika
16 not zu
17 all mwina
18 many おほし oposi
19 some すこし sukwosi
20 few すくなし sukunasi
21 other ほか poka
22 one pito
23 two ふた puta
24 three mi
25 four yo
26 five いつ itu
27 big おほし oposi
28 long ながし nagasi
29 wide pirosi
30 thick あつし atusi
31 heavy おもし omosi
32 small ちひさし tipisasi
33 short じかし mizikasi
34 narrow / せばし/さし sebasi/sasi
35 thin ほそ pososi
36 woman をみ womina
37 man (male) をと wotokwo
38 man (human) pito
39 child kwo
40 wife mye
41 husband をひ wopito
42 mother はは papa
43 father ちち titi
44 animal もの kemono
45 fish うを uwo
46 bird tori
47 dog いぬ inu
48 louse しらみ sirami
49 snake pemi
50 worm むし musi
51 tree kwi
52 forest もり mori
53 stick ye
54 fruit mwi
55 seed たね tane
56 leaf pa
57 root ne
58 bark (of a tree) [Term?]
59 flower はな pana
60 grass くさ kusa
61 rope なは napa
62 skin かは kapa
63 meat しし sisi
64 blood ti
65 bone ほね pone
66 fat (noun) あぶら abura
67 egg かひ kapigwo
68 horn つの tunwo
69 tail wo
70 feather はね pane
71 hair かみ kami
72 head かしら kasira
73 ear mimi
74 eye me
75 nose はな pana
76 mouth くち kuti
77 tooth pa
78 tongue した sita
79 fingernail つめ tume
80 foot あし asi
81 leg あし asi
82 knee piza
83 hand te
84 wing つばさ tubasa
85 belly はら para
86 guts わた wata
87 neck くび kubi
88 back se
89 breast むね mune
90 heart kokoro
91 liver kimwo
92 to drink nomu
93 to eat くふ kupu
94 to bite かむ kamu
95 to suck すふ supu
96 to spit はく paku
97 to vomit はく paku
98 to blow ふく puku
99 to breathe いき iki su
100 to laugh わらふ warapu
101 to see miru
102 to hear kiku
103 to know しる siru
104 to think おも omopu
105 to smell かぐ kagu
106 to fear おそる osoru
107 to sleep ねぶる neburu
108 to live いく iku
109 to die しぬ sinu
110 to kill korosu
111 to fight たたかふ tatakapu
112 to hunt かる karu
113 to hit うつ utu
114 to cut kiru
115 to split わる waru
116 to stab さす sasu
117 to scratch かく kaku
118 to dig ほる poru
119 to swim [Term?]
120 to fly tobu
121 to walk あゆむ ayumu
122 to come ku
123 to lie (as in a bed) nu
124 to sit ゐる wiru
125 to stand たつ tatu
126 to turn (intransitive) ぐる meguru
127 to fall おつ otu
128 to give あたふ atapu
129 to hold motu
130 to squeeze しぼる siboru
131 to rub する suru
132 to wash あらふ arapu
133 to wipe nogopu
134 to pull piku
135 to push おす osu
136 to throw なぐ nagu
137 to tie ゆふ/むすぶ yupu/musubu
138 to sew ぬふ nupu
139 to count かぞ kazwopu
140 to say いふ ipu
141 to sing うたふ utapu
142 to play あそ asobu
143 to float うく uku
144 to flow ながる nagaru
145 to freeze ほる koporu
146 to swell ふくる pukuru
147 sun pi
148 moon つき tukwi
149 star ほし posi
150 water midu
151 rain あめ ame
152 river かは kapa
153 lake づうみ miduumi
154 sea うみ/わた umi/wata
155 salt しほ sipo
156 stone いし isi
157 sand いさご isagwo
158 dust ちり tiri
159 earth つち tuti
160 cloud くも kumwo
161 fog kwiri
162 sky / ら/あめ swora/ame
163 wind かぜ kaze
164 snow ゆき yuki
165 ice ほり kopori
166 smoke けぶり keburi
167 fire pwi
168 ash はひ papi
169 to burn mwoyu
170 road miti
171 mountain やま yama
172 red あか aka
173 green / あを/み awo/midori
174 yellow ki
175 white しろ sirwo
176 black くろ kurwo
177 night ywo
178 day pi
179 year tosi
180 warm あたたけ atatakesi
181 cold さむし samusi
182 full ちたり mititari
183 new あらたし aratasi
184 old ふるし purusi
185 good yosi
186 bad あし asi
187 rotten くさりたり kusaritari
188 dirty たなし kitanasi
189 straight なほし naposi
190 round まろ maro
191 sharp (as a knife) twosi
192 dull (as a knife) [Term?]
193 smooth [Term?]
194 wet ぬれたり nuretari
195 dry かわきたり kawakitari
196 correct ただし tadasi
197 near ちかし tikasi
198 far ほし toposi
199 right みぎ migi
200 left ひだり pidari
201 at ni
202 in ni
203 with to
204 and to
205 if もし mosi
206 because かれ kare
207 name na
[edit]
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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