Appendix:Sichuan Mandarin Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Sichuanese, compared with that of English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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This list uses Sichuanese Pinyin and IPA

EnglishMandarin
四川話四川话 (Sìchuānhuà)
edit (207)
IPA
(key)
1I (1sg) (ngo3)ŋo⁵³
2you (2sg) (nyi3)ȵi⁵³
3he, she, it (3sg) (ta1)tʰa⁵⁵
4we (1pl)我們我们 (ngo3 men2-1)ŋo⁵³ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵
5you (2pl)你們你们 (nyi3 men2-1)ȵi⁵³ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵
6they (3pl)他們他们 (ta1 men2-1)tʰa⁵⁵ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵
7this這個这个 (ze4 go4)tsɛ²¹³ ko²¹³
8that那個那个 (na4 go4)na²¹³ ko²¹³
9here這點兒这点儿 (ze4 dianr3)tsᴇ²¹³ tiɚ⁵³
10there那點兒那点儿 (na4 dianr3)na²¹³ tiɚ⁵³
11who誰個谁个 (sui2 go4)suei²¹ ko²¹³
12what啥子 (sa4 zi3)sa²¹³ tsz⁵³
13where那跟前 (na3 gen1 qian2), 哪下兒哪下儿 (na3 har2)na⁵³ kən⁵⁵ tɕʰiɛn²¹, na⁵³ xɚ²¹
14when哪陣哪阵 (na3 zen4)na⁵³ tsən²¹³
15how啷個啷个 (nang3 go4)naŋ⁵³ ko²¹³
16not (bu2)pu²¹
17all全部 (quan2 bu4)tɕʰyan²¹ pu²¹³
18many (do1)to⁵⁵
19some (xi1)ɕi⁵⁵
20few (sao4)sau²¹³
21other[[#Mandarin|]]
22one (yi2)i²¹
23two (er4), (niang3)ɚ²¹³, niaŋ⁵³
24three (san1)san⁵⁵
25four (si4)sɿ²¹³
26five (wu3)vu⁵³
27big (da4)ta²¹³
28long (cang2)tsʰaŋ²¹
29wide (kuan1)kʰuan⁵⁵
30thick (hou4)xəu²¹³
31heavy (zong4)tsoŋ²¹³
32small (xiao3)ɕiau⁵³
33short (duan3)tuan⁵³
34narrow (ze2)tsɛ²¹
35thin (bo2)po²¹
36woman女的 (nyü3 ni1), 女人 (nyü3 ren2), 女人家 (nyü3 ren2 jia1)ȵy⁵³ ni⁵⁵, ȵy⁵³ zən²¹, ȵy⁵³ zən²¹ tɕia⁵⁵
37man (adult male)男的 (nan2 ni1), 男人 (nan2 ren2), 男人家 (nan2 ren2 jia1)nan²¹ ni⁵⁵, nan²¹ zən²¹, nan²¹ zən²¹ tɕia⁵⁵
38man (human being) (ren2)zən²¹
39child小娃兒小娃儿 (xiao3 wa2 er2-1)ɕiau⁵³ ua²¹ ɚ²¹⁻⁵⁵
40wife女的 (nyü3 ni1), 女人 (nyü3 ren2), 婆娘 (po2 nyiang1)ȵy⁵³ ni⁵⁵, ȵy⁵³ zən²¹, pʰo²¹ ȵiaŋ⁵⁵
41husband男的 (nan2 ni1), 男人 (nan2 ren2)nan²¹ ni⁵⁵, nan²¹ zən²¹
42mother媽媽妈妈 (ma1 ma1), (ma1)ma⁵⁵ ma⁵⁵, ma⁵⁵
43father爸爸 (ba2 ba2-1), 老漢兒老汉儿 (nao3 hanr2)pa²¹ pa²¹⁻⁵⁵, nau⁵³ xɚ²¹
44animal動物动物 (dong4 wu2)toŋ²¹³ vu²¹
45fish (yu2), 擺尾子摆尾子 (bai3 wei3 zi3-2)y²¹, pai⁵³ uei⁵³ tsɿ⁵³⁻²¹
46bird雀雀 (qüo2 qüo2-1)tɕʰyo²¹ tɕʰyo²¹⁻⁵⁵
47dog (gou3)kəu⁵³
48louse蝨子虱子 (se2 zi3)sei²⁴ tsɿ²⁴
49snake (se2)sɛ²¹
50worm (cong2)tsʰoŋ²¹
51tree樹子树子 (su4 zi3)su²¹³ tsɿ⁵³
52forest樹林子树林子 (su4 nin2 zi3)su²¹³ nin²¹ tsɿ⁵³
53stick樹枝枝树枝枝 (su4 zi1 zi1)su²¹³ tsɿ⁵⁵ tsɿ⁵⁵
54fruit水果 (sui3 go3)suei⁵³ ko⁵³
55seed[[#Mandarin|]]
56leaf樹子葉葉树子叶叶 (su4 zi3 ye2 ye2-1)su²¹³ tsɿ⁵³ iɛ²¹ iɛ²¹⁻⁵⁵
57root根根 (gen1 gen1)kən⁵⁵ kən⁵⁵
58bark (of a tree)樹皮树皮 (su4 pi2)su²¹³ pʰi²¹
59flower花花兒花花儿 (hua1 huar1)xua⁵⁵ xuɚ⁵⁵
60grass (cao3)tsʰau⁵³
61rope索索 (so2 so2)so²¹ so²¹
62skin皮皮 (pi2 pi2-1)pi²¹ pi²¹⁻⁵⁵
63meat (rou4)zəu²¹³
64blood (xue2)ɕye²¹
65bone骨頭骨头 (gu2 tou2-1)ku²¹ tʰəu²¹⁻⁵⁵
66fat (noun)[[#Mandarin|]]
67egg (dan4)tan²¹³
68horn (juo2)tɕyo²¹
69tail尾巴兒尾巴儿 (wei3 bar1)uei⁵³ pɚ⁵⁵
70feather[[#Mandarin|]]
71hair頭髮头发 (tou2 fa2-1)tʰəu²¹ fa²¹⁻⁵⁵
72head腦殼脑壳 (nao3 ko2)nau⁵³ kʰo²¹
73ear耳朵 (er3 do1)ɚ⁵³ to⁵⁵
74eye眼睛 (yan3 jin1)iɛn⁵³ tɕin⁵⁵
75nose鼻子 (bi2 zi3)pi²¹ tsɿ⁵³
76mouth嘴巴 (zui3 ba1)tsuei⁵³ pa⁵⁵
77tooth牙齒牙齿 (ya2 ci3-1)ia²¹ tsʰɿ⁵³⁻⁵⁵
78tongue (organ)舌頭兒舌头儿 (se2 tour2-1)sɛ²¹ tʰɚ²¹⁻⁵⁵
79fingernail指甲兒指甲儿 (zi3 jiar2)tsɿ⁵³ tɕiɚ²¹
80foot (juo2)tɕyo²¹
81leg (tui3)tʰuei⁵³
82knee磕膝頭兒磕膝头儿 (ke2 xi2-1 tour2), 膝蓋膝盖 (xi2 gai4)kʰɛ²¹ ɕi²¹⁻⁵⁵ tʰɚ²¹, ɕi²¹ kai²¹³
83hand (sou3)səu⁵³
84wing翅膀兒翅膀儿 (zi4 bangr3)tsɿ²¹³ pɚ⁵³
85belly肚皮 (du4 pi2), 肚子 (du4 zi3-2)tu²¹³ pʰi²¹, tu²¹³ tsɿ⁵³⁻²¹
86guts[[#Mandarin|]]
87neck頸仔颈仔 (jin3 zi3-2), 頸項颈项 (jin3 hang4-2)tɕin⁵³ tsɿ⁵³⁻²¹, tɕin⁵³ xaŋ²¹³⁻²¹
88back (bei4)pei²¹³
89breast胸脯 (xiong1 pu3)ɕyoŋ⁵⁵ pʰu⁵³
90heart (xin1)ɕin⁵⁵
91liver (gan1)kan⁵⁵
92to drink (ho1)xo⁵⁵
93to eat (ci2)tsʰɿ²¹
94to bite (ngao3)ŋau⁵³
95to suck[[#Mandarin|]]
96to spit (tu3)tʰu⁵³
97to vomit (tu3)tʰu⁵³
98to blow (cui1)tsʰuei⁵⁵
99to breathe呼吸 (fu1 xi1)fu⁵⁵
100to laugh (xiao4)ɕiau²¹³
101to see (kan4)kʰan²¹³
102to hear (tin1)tʰin⁵⁵
103to know知道 (zi1 dao4), 曉得晓得 (xiao3 de2)tsɿ⁵⁵ tau²¹³, ɕiau⁵³ tɛ²¹
104to think (xiang3)ɕiaŋ⁵³
105to smell (wen2)uən²¹
106to fear (pa4)pʰa²¹³
107to sleep睡瞌睡 (sui4 ko2 sui4)suei²¹³ kʰo²¹ suei²¹³
108to live (ho2)xo²¹
109to die (si3)sɿ⁵³
110to kill (sa2)sa²¹
111to fight吵架 (cao3 jia4), 角逆 (go2 nyie2)tsʰau⁵³ tɕia²¹³, ko²¹ ȵiɛ²¹
112to hunt[[#Mandarin|]]
113to hit (da3)ta⁵³
114to cut[[#Mandarin|]]
115to split[[#Mandarin|]]
116to stab[[#Mandarin|]]
117to scratch (kou1)kʰəu⁵⁵
118to dig (wa1)ua⁵⁵
119to swim游泳 (you2 yun4)iəu²¹ yn²¹³
120to fly (fei1)fei⁵⁵
121to walk (zou3)tsəu⁵³
122to come (nai2)nai²¹
123to lie (as in a bed) (tang3)tʰaŋ⁵³
124to sit (zo4)tso²¹³
125to stand (zan4)tsan²¹³
126to turn (intransitive) (guai3)kuai⁵³
127to fall (diao4)tiau²¹³
128to give (ge1)kɛ⁵⁵
129to hold (na2)na²¹
130to squeeze (ji1)tɕi⁵⁵
131to rub (rua2)zua²¹
132to wash (xi3)ɕi⁵³
133to wipe (ca2), (kai1)tsʰa²¹, kʰai⁵⁵
134to pull (ce3)tsʰɛ⁵³
135to push (song3)soŋ⁵³
136to throw (suai3)suai⁵³
137to tie (bang1), (kun3), (suan1)paŋ⁵⁵, kʰuən⁵³, suan⁵⁵
138to sew (fong4)foŋ²¹³
139to count (su3)su⁵³
140to say (so2)so²¹
141to sing (cang4)tsʰaŋ²¹³
142to play (sua3)sua⁵³
143to float (fu2)fu²¹
144to flow (niu2)niəu²¹
145to freeze結冰结冰 (jie2 bin1)tɕiɛ²¹ pin⁵⁵
146to swell[[#Mandarin|]]
147sun太陽太阳 (tai4 yang2)tʰai²¹³ iaŋ²¹
148moon月亮 (yue2 niang4)ye²¹ niaŋ²¹³
149star星宿兒星宿儿 (xin1 xiur4), 星星兒星星儿 (xin1 xinr1)ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiɚ²¹³, ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiɚ⁵⁵
150water (sui3)suei⁵³
151rain (yu3)y⁵³
152river (ho2)xo²¹
153lake (fu2)fu²¹
154sea (hai3)xai⁵³
155salt鹽巴盐巴 (yan2 ba1)iɛn²¹ pa⁵⁵
156stone石頭石头 (si2 tou2-1)sɿ²¹ tʰəu²¹⁻⁵⁵
157sand河沙 (ho2 sa1)xo²¹ sa⁵⁵
158dust (hui1)xuei⁵⁵
159earth (tu3)tʰu⁵³
160cloud (yun2)yn²¹
161fog (wu4)vu²¹³
162sky (tian1)tʰiɛn⁵⁵
163wind (fong1)foŋ⁵⁵
164snow (xue2)ɕye²¹
165ice (bin1)pin⁵⁵
166smoke煙煙烟烟 (yan1 yan1)iɛn⁵⁵ iɛn⁵⁵
167fire (ho3)xo⁵³
168ash (hui1)xuei⁵⁵
169to burn (sao1)sau⁵⁵
170road (nu4)nu²¹³
171mountain (san1)san⁵⁵
172red (hong2)xoŋ²¹
173green绿 (nu2)nu²¹
174yellow (huang2)xuaŋ²¹
175white (be2)pɛ²¹
176black (he2)he2
177night擦黑 (ca2 he2), 晚上 (wan3 sang4)tsʰa²¹ xɛ²¹, uan⁵³ saŋ²¹³
178day白天 (be2 tian1)pɛ²¹ tʰiɛn⁵⁵
179year (nyian2)ȵiɛn²¹
180warm[[#Mandarin|]]
181cold (nen3)nən⁵³
182full滿 (man3)man⁵³
183new (xin1)ɕin⁵⁵
184old (nao3) (of high age), (jiu4) (not new)nau⁵³, tɕiəu²¹³
185good (hao3)xau⁵³
186bad (huai4), (pie4)xuai²¹³, pʰiɛ²¹³
187rotten[[#Mandarin|]]
188dirty (zang1), 齷齪龌龊 (o2 co1)tsaŋ⁵⁵, o²¹ tsʰo⁵⁵
189straight (ni2)ni²¹
190round (yuan2)yan²¹
191sharp (as a knife) (jian1)tɕiɛn⁵⁵
192dull (as a knife) (den4)tən²¹³
193smooth[[#Mandarin|]]
194wet湿 (si2)sɿ²¹
195dry (gan1)kan⁵⁵
196correct (dui4)tuei²¹³
197near (jin4)tɕin²¹³
198far (yuan3)yan⁵³
199right (you4)iəu²¹³
200left (zo3)tso⁵³
201at (zai4)tsai²¹³
202in (zai4)tsai²¹³
203with (ho2)xo²¹
204and (ho2)xo²¹
205if假比 (jia3 bi3)tɕia⁵³ pi⁵³
206because因為因为 (yin1 wei4)in⁵⁵ uei²¹³
207name (min2)min²¹

Sources

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  • 霍時雨 重慶方言志
  • 王文虎 張一舟 周家筠 四川方言詞典

See also

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)