Appendix:Sangisari Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Sangisari, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishSangisari
edit (190)
1I (1sg)a
2you (2sg)ta
3he, she, it (3sg)no
4we (1pl)ham
5you (2pl)
6they (3pl)enun
7thisyun
8thatnehun
9hereenju
10therenehunje
11whoki
12what
13wherekei
14whenče gudar
15howčečam
16notna-
17all
18manyčundin
19someqatu
20fewqate
21otherdigar
22oneke
23twodu
24threeše
25fourčār
26fivepanj
27bigmas
28longderāz
29widepeyun
30thickkeloft
31heavysangin
32smallkasunu
33shortkol
34narrowborik
35thinnāzok
36womanšekein
37man (adult male)morkein
38man (human being)teni
39childkote
40wifežen
41husbandšui
42mothermoi
43fatherpeše
44animalheyvun
45fishmāii
46birdmerq
47dogespeh
48louseespaz
49snakemehor
50wormkerm
51treedār
52forestjangal
53stick
54fruitmive
55seedtum
56leafvalg
57rootriše
58bark (of a tree)
59flowergol
60grasssowz
61ropetenāft
62skinpust
63meatgušt
64bloodxun
65boneaskeh
66fat (noun)čāqene
67eggmorqene
68hornšāx
69taildom
70featherpar
71hairmuy
72headkale
73earguš
74eyečaš
75nosexuni
76mouthāl
77toothdandun
78tongue (organ)zevun
79fingernailkal anguštu
80footpe
81leglang
82kneezune
83handdast
84wingbāl
85bellytal
86gutsruye
87neckgeri
88backkeft
89breastgum
90heartdal
91liver
92to drinkvāxortan
93to eatbexortan
94to bitegāz begertetan
95to suckvāsoftetan
96to spittuf kartan
97to vomitbevāzenetan
98to blowfu kartetan
99to breathedam beyetan
100to laughbexuyetetan
101to seebedidetan
102to hearbešnundetan
103to knowbezunātetan
104to thinkferk hākartetan
105to smellbuy večindetan
106to fearbetarsetetan
107to sleepbexotetan
108to livezendegi hākartetan
109to diebemartetan
110to killbekoštetan
111to fightbejangetetan
112to hunteškār bežetan
113to hitbežetetan
114to cutberbindetan
115to splitlāp kartetan
116to stabberindetan
117to scratchvārkišetan
118to digvāktundetan
119to swimšenow kartetan
120to flypar vegertetan
121to walkrebešoten
122to comebemetan
123to lie (as in a bed)derāz eyetan
124to sitpenestetan
125to standbeštetetan
126to turn (intransitive)bečarxetetan
127to fallžir sartetan
128to givebedetan
129to holdyādārtetan
130to squeeze
131to rubbemālenetan
132to washbešoštetan
133to wipebezdundetan
134to pullbehetan
135to pushxus bedetan
136to throwbečpindetan
137to tie
138to sewlālu bedutetan
139to countbešmortetan
140to saybevātan
141to singbexundetan
142to playāhang bežetan
143to float
144to flow
145to freeze
146to swellhow beyetan
147sunxor
148moonmung
149starsetāre
150watervo
151rainvāraš
152riverruxuneh
153lakederyāče
154seaderyā
155saltnemak
156stonesang
157sand
158dustgardulax
159earthzamin
160cloudarb
161fog
162skyāsemun
163windve
164snowvarf
165iceyax
166smoke
167fireātaš
168ash
169to burnbesutetan
170roadjāde
171mountainku
172redsur
173greensowz
174yellowzart
175whiteespi
176blackso
177nightšow
178dayruž
179yearsāl
180warmgarm
181coldsard
182fullmašt
183newtāže
184oldpir
185goodxāre
186badxerte
187rotten
188dirtyplašt
189straightxadeng
190round
191sharp (as a knife)tiždam
192dull (as a knife)las
193smoothnarm
194wetnamaneh
195dryxošk
196correctderast
197nearnaqzdik
198fardur
199rightrāst
200leftčap
201atmun
202indanu
203withmun
204ando
205if
206becausečunku
207name
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)

Further reading

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Mohammadi, Ariana N. (2018). "Trilingual Dictionary of Sangesari." Webonary.org. Dallas: SIL International. Retrieved from https://www.webonary.org/sangesari/