Appendix:Garo Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Garo, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Garo
A·chik
1 I anga
2 you (singular) na·a
3 he, she, it bia
4 we chinga
5 you (plural) na·simang
6 they bisimang
7 this ia
8 that ua
9 here iano
10 there uano
11 who sawa
12 what mai
13 where bachi
14 when basako
15 how maidake
16 not -ja-
17 all gimik
18 many bang·a
19 some adita
20 few komibata
21 other gipin
22 one sa
23 two gni
24 three gittam
25 four bri
26 five bonga
27 big dal·a
28 long sikbea, bakroa
29 wide apala
30 thick ritchara
31 heavy jrima
32 small chona
33 short kan·dika, bakkandika
34 narrow apchona
35 thin ba·a
36 woman me·chik
37 man (adult male) me·asa
38 man (human being) mande
39 child bi·sa
40 wife jikgipa
41 husband segipa
42 mother ma·gipa
43 father pagipa
44 animal matburing
45 fish na·tok
46 bird do·o
47 dog achak
48 louse tik
49 snake chipu
50 worm kan·churi
51 tree bol
52 forest bolgrim
53 stick go·ol
54 fruit bite
55 seed bichri
56 leaf bijak
57 root ja·dil
58 bark (of a tree) bigil
59 flower bibal
60 grass samsi
61 rope budu
62 skin bigil
63 meat bitin
64 blood an·chi
65 bone greng
66 fat (noun) mitim
67 egg bitchi
68 horn grong
69 tail ki·me
70 feather do·kimil
71 hair kimil
72 head sko
73 ear nachi
74 eye mikron
75 nose gingting
76 mouth ku·sik
77 tooth wagam
78 tongue (organ) sre
79 fingernail jakskil
80 foot ja·pa
81 leg ja·a
82 knee ja·sku
83 hand jak
84 wing grang
85 belly ok
86 guts bil·ikrang
87 neck gitok
88 back janggil
89 breast chel
90 heart kan·chak
91 liver bike
92 to drink ringa
93 to eat cha·a
94 to bite chika
95 to suck opa
96 to spit stua
97 to vomit wakala
98 to blow bala
99 to breathe rang·sita
100 to laugh ka·dinga
101 to see nika
102 to hear knaa
103 to know uia
104 to think chanchia
105 to smell gingsika
106 to fear kera
107 to sleep tusia
108 to live tanga
109 to die sia
110 to kill so·ota
111 to fight dinggrika
112 to hunt sikar ka·a
113 to hit su·prua
114 to cut din·a
115 to split pita
116 to stab su·a
117 to scratch ku·aka
118 to dig cho·a
119 to swim jroa
120 to fly bila
121 to walk re·boa
122 to come re·ba
123 to lie (as in a bed) tua
124 to sit asonga
125 to stand chadenga
126 to turn (intransitive) bikpila
127 to fall ga·aka
128 to give on·a
129 to hold rim·a
130 to squeeze sinjetaa
131 to rub nata
132 to wash su·sranga
133 to wipe ipaka
134 to pull sala
135 to push jitpaka
136 to throw goata
137 to tie kaa
138 to sew sika
139 to count chana
140 to say agana
141 to sing ring·a
142 to play kal·a
143 to float gitchoa
144 to flow jokanga
145 to freeze tin·daka
146 to swell gangbua
147 sun sal
148 moon jajong
149 star aski
150 water chi
151 rain mikka
152 river chibima
153 lake hrod
154 sea sagal
155 salt kari
156 stone ro·ong
157 sand an·cheng
158 dust a·dumu
159 earth a·a
160 cloud aram
161 fog guuri
162 sky salgi
163 wind bal
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke moila bal
167 fire wa·al
168 ash bol ma·sa
169 to burn kama
170 road rama
171 mountain a·bri
172 red gitchak
173 green tangsek
174 yellow rimita
175 white gibok
176 black gisim
177 night wal
178 day sal
179 year bilsi
180 warm ding·a
181 cold sin·a
182 full gapgimin
183 new gital
184 old gitchamgipa
185 good nama
186 bad namgija
187 rotten sogimin
188 dirty moilachi pindapa
189 straight sronga
190 round tom·beta
191 sharp (as a knife) mata
192 dull (as a knife) matgija
193 smooth rinoka
194 wet sosia
195 dry ran·ata
196 correct bebe
197 near sepang
198 far chel·a
199 right jakra
200 left jakkasi
201 at -o
202 in -o
203 with -ming
204 and aro
205 if -ode
206 because -na, -ni gimin
207 name bimung
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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