Appendix:Macedonian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Macedonian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishMacedonian
македонски (makedonski)
edit (207)
1I (1sg)јас (jas)
2you (2sg)ти (ti)
3he, she, it (3sg)тој (toj), таа (taa), тоа (toa)
4we (1pl)ние (nie)
5you (2pl)вие (vie)
6they (3pl)тие (tie)
7thisова (ova)
8thatона (ona)
9hereтука (tuka), овде (ovde)
10thereтаму (tamu)
11whoкој (koj)
12whatшто (što)
13whereкаде (kade)
14whenкога (koga)
15howкако (kako)
16notне (ne)
17allсите (site)
18manyмногу (mnogu)
19someнеколку (nekolku)
20fewмалку (malku)
21otherдруг (drug)
22oneеден (eden)
23twoдва (dva)
24threeтри (tri)
25fourчетири (četiri)
26fiveпет (pet)
27bigголем (golem)
28longдолг (dolg)
29wideширок (širok)
30thickдебел (debel), густ (gust)
31heavyтежок (težok)
32smallмал (mal)
33shortкус (kus), краток (kratok)
34narrowтесен (tesen)
35thinслаб (slab), тенок (tenok)
36womanжена (žena)
37man (adult male)маж (maž)
38man (human being)човек (čovek)
39childдете (dete)
40wifeжена (žena), сопруга (sopruga)
41husbandмаж (maž), сопруг (soprug)
42motherмајка (majka)
43fatherтатко (tatko)
44animalживотно (životno)
45fishриба (riba)
46birdптица (ptica)
47dogкуче (kuče), пес (pes)
48louseвошка (voška)
49snakeзмија (zmija)
50wormцрв (crv)
51treeдрво (drvo)
52forestшума (šuma)
53stickстап (stap), прачка (pračka)
54fruitовошје (ovošje), плод (plod)
55seedсеме (seme)
56leafлист (list)
57rootкорен (koren)
58bark (of a tree)кора (kora)
59flowerцвет (cvet)
60grassтрева (treva)
61ropeјаже (jaže), коноп (konop)
62skinкожа (koža)
63meatмесо (meso)
64bloodкрв (krv)
65boneкоска (koska)
66fat (noun)маст (mast), сало (salo)
67eggјајце (jajce)
68hornрог (rog)
69tailопашка (opaška)
70featherпердув (perduv)
71hairкоса (kosa) (collective), влакно (vlakno) (single)
72headглава (glava)
73earуво (uvo)
74eyeоко (oko)
75noseнос (nos)
76mouthуста (usta)
77toothзаб (zab)
78tongue (organ)јазик (jazik)
79fingernailнокт (nokt)
80footстапало (stapalo)
81legнога (noga)
82kneeколено (koleno)
83handрака (raka)
84wingкрило (krilo)
85bellyстомак (stomak)
86gutsцрева (creva)
87neckврат (vrat)
88backгрб (grb)
89breastграда (grada)
90heartсрце (srce)
91liverџигер (džiger), црн дроб (crn drob)
92to drinkпие (pie)
93to eatјаде (jade)
94to biteкаса (kasa), гризе (grize)
95to suckцица (cica)
96to spitплука (pluka)
97to vomitповраќа (povraḱa), блуе (blue)
98to blowдува (duva)
99to breatheдише (diše), вдишува (vdišuva)
100to laughсе смее (se smee)
101to seeгледа (gleda)
102to hearслуша (sluša)
103to knowзнае (znae)
104to thinkмисли (misli), помислува (pomisluva)
105to smellмириса (mirisa), смрди ( smrdi), души (duši)
106to fearплаши (plaši)
107to sleepспие (spie)
108to liveживее (živee)
109to dieумира (umira)
110to killубива (ubiva)
111to fightбие (bie), тепа (tepa), бори (bori)
112to huntлови (lovi)
113to hitудира (udira), чука (čuka)
114to cutсече (seče), реже (reže), скратува (skratuva)
115to splitподелува (podeluva), расцепува (rascepuva)
116to stabубодува (uboduva)
117to scratchгребе (grebe), чеша (češa)
118to digкопа (kopa)
119to swimплива (pliva)
120to flyлета (leta)
121to walkшета (šeta), оди (odi)
122to comeдоаѓа (doaǵa)
123to lie (as in a bed)лежи (leži) (state)
124to sitседи (sedi) (state)
125to standстои (stoi) (state)
126to turn (intransitive)врти (vrti), завртува (zavrtuva)
127to fallпаѓа (paǵa)
128to giveдава (dava)
129to holdдржи (drži)
130to squeezeстиска (stiska)
131to rubтрие (trie)
132to washмие (mie)
133to wipeбрише (briše)
134to pullвлече (vleče)
135to pushтурка (turka), бутка (butka)
136to throwфрла (frla)
137to tieврзува (vrzuva)
138to sewшие (šie)
139to countброи (broi)
140to sayвели (veli), кажува (kažuva)
141to singпее (pee)
142to playигра (igra)
143to floatплови (plovi)
144to flowтече (teče)
145to freezeзаледува (zaleduva), замрзнува (zamrznuva)
146to swellотекува (otekuva), набабрува (nababruva)
147sunсонце (sonce)
148moonмесечина (mesečina)
149starѕвезда (dzvezda)
150waterвода (voda)
151rainдожд (dožd)
152riverрека (reka)
153lakeезеро (ezero)
154seaморе (more)
155saltсол (sol)
156stoneкамен (kamen)
157sandпесок (pesok)
158dustпрашина (prašina)
159earthземја (zemja)
160cloudоблак (oblak)
161fogмагла (magla)
162skyнебо (nebo)
163windветер (veter)
164snowснег (sneg)
165iceмраз (mraz), лед (led)
166smokeдим (dim), чад (čad)
167fireоган (ogan)
168ashпепел (pepel)
169to burnгори (gori)
170roadпат (pat)
171mountainпланина (planina)
172redцрвен (crven)
173greenзелен (zelen)
174yellowжолт (žolt)
175whiteбел (bel)
176blackцрн (crn)
177nightноќ (noḱ)
178dayден (den)
179yearгодина (godina)
180warmтопол (topol)
181coldстуден (studen), ладен (laden)
182fullполн (poln)
183newнов (nov)
184oldстар (star)
185goodдобар (dobar)
186badлош (loš)
187rottenгнил (gnil)
188dirtyвалкан (valkan), нечист (nečist)
189straightправ (prav)
190roundтркалест (trkalest), тркалезен (trkalezen), кружен (kružen)
191sharp (as a knife)остар (ostar)
192dull (as a knife)тап (tap)
193smoothмазен (mazen)
194wetмокар (mokar), влажен (vlažen), воден (voden)
195dryсув (suv)
196correctточен (točen), правилен (pravilen)
197nearблизок (blizok)
198farдалечен (dalečen)
199rightдесно (desno)
200leftлево (levo)
201atдо (do), на (na), кај (kaj)
202inво (vo)
203withсо (so)
204andи (i)
205ifако (ako)
206becauseбидејќи (bidejḱi), затоа што (zatoa što)
207nameиме (ime)
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
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