Appendix:Kolami Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Kolami, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List[edit]
| № | English | Kolami కొలామి (kolāmi) edit (119) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | आन् (ān) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | इन् (in) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | अंद (amda), अद् (ad), अद् (ad) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | नेण्ड् (nēṇḍ), आम् (ām) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | ఇమ్ (im) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | అవర్ (avar), అదవ్ (adav) |
| 7 | this | ఇద్ (id) |
| 8 | that | అద్ (ad) |
| 9 | here | ఇత్తి (itti) |
| 10 | there | అత్తి (atti) |
| 11 | who | ఏర్ (ēr) |
| 12 | what | తానెద్ (tāned) |
| 13 | where | ఎత్తి (etti) |
| 14 | when | ऎनॆड् (eneḍ) |
| 15 | how | ఎనాఙ్ (enāṅ) |
| 16 | not | तोतॆद् (tōted), सिल्लै (sillai) |
| 17 | all | ఎల్ (el) |
| 18 | many | పెరెత్ (peret) |
| 19 | some | కొచ్చ (kocca) |
| 20 | few | కొచ్చ ( kocca) |
| 21 | other | వేణ్డ్ (vēṇḍ) |
| 22 | one | ఒక్కొద్ (okkod) |
| 23 | two | ఇన్దిఙ్ (indiṅ ), ఎరణ్డి ( eraṇḍi) |
| 24 | three | మూన్దిఙ్ (mūndiṅ) |
| 25 | four | నాలిఙ్ (nāliṅ) |
| 26 | five | అయ్ద్ (ayd), సేన్ది (sēndi) |
| 27 | big | దణ్డి (daṇḍi) |
| 28 | long | పొడమ్ (poḍam) |
| 29 | wide | దొడ్డ (doḍḍa ) |
| 30 | thick | [[#Kolami|]] |
| 31 | heavy | [[#Kolami|]] |
| 32 | small | సిన్నమ్ (sinnam) |
| 33 | short | మొణ్డి (moṇḍi) |
| 34 | narrow | [[#Kolami|]] |
| 35 | thin | [[#Kolami|]] |
| 36 | woman | పెణ్టి (peṇṭi) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | మన్కాక్ (mankāk) |
| 38 | man (human being) | మన్ది (mandi) |
| 39 | child | పిళ్ళ (piḷḷa) |
| 40 | wife | మాసా (māsā) |
| 41 | husband | మగవన్ (magavan) |
| 42 | mother | అమ్మా (ammā) |
| 43 | father | అప్పా (appā) |
| 44 | animal | |
| 45 | fish | కయె (kaye) |
| 46 | bird | పక్సియక్ (paksiyak) |
| 47 | dog | ఆతె (āte) |
| 48 | louse | |
| 49 | snake | పామ్ (pām) |
| 50 | worm | పుర్రె ( purre) |
| 51 | tree | మాక్ (māk) |
| 52 | forest | అడవి (aḍavi) |
| 53 | stick | కోల (kōla) |
| 54 | fruit | పణ్ (paṇ) |
| 55 | seed | |
| 56 | leaf | |
| 57 | root | వేర్ (vēr) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | |
| 59 | flower | పూవ్ (pūv) |
| 60 | grass | |
| 61 | rope | |
| 62 | skin | తోల్ (tōl) |
| 63 | meat | |
| 64 | blood | నెత్తుర్ (nettur) |
| 65 | bone | బొక్క (bokka ) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | నెయ్ (ney) |
| 67 | egg | సఙ్కు (saṅku) |
| 68 | horn | కొమ్ము (kommu) |
| 69 | tail | తోక (tōka) |
| 70 | feather | |
| 71 | hair | తీర్ (tīr) |
| 72 | head | తల్ (tal) |
| 73 | ear | కెవ్ (kev) |
| 74 | eye | కణ్ (kaṇ) |
| 75 | nose | మూక్కు (mūkku) |
| 76 | mouth | మూటి (mūṭi) |
| 77 | tooth | పల్ (pal) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | నాల్క (nālka) |
| 79 | fingernail | గోర్ (gōr) |
| 80 | foot | కాల్ (kāl) |
| 81 | leg | కాల్ (kāl) |
| 82 | knee | |
| 83 | hand | కీ (kī) |
| 84 | wing | రెడప (reḍapa) |
| 85 | belly | పొట్ట (poṭṭa) |
| 86 | guts | |
| 87 | neck | |
| 88 | back | |
| 89 | breast | పమ్మె (pamme) |
| 90 | heart | గుణ్డుర్కాయ (guṇḍurkāya) |
| 91 | liver | తరఙ్గుడ్ (taraṅguḍ) |
| 92 | to drink | ఉన్ (un) |
| 93 | to eat | తిన్ (tin) |
| 94 | to bite | కొర్క్ (kork) |
| 95 | to suck | |
| 96 | to spit | |
| 97 | to vomit | |
| 98 | to blow | |
| 99 | to breathe | |
| 100 | to laugh | కయఙ్ (kayaṅ) |
| 101 | to see | ఓల్ (ōl) |
| 102 | to hear | విన్ (vin) |
| 103 | to know | |
| 104 | to think | సొసిల్ (sosil) |
| 105 | to smell | కమ్ (kam) |
| 106 | to fear | |
| 107 | to sleep | మఙ్ (maṅ) |
| 108 | to live | |
| 109 | to die | తిక్ (tik) |
| 110 | to kill | అలఙ్ (alaṅ) |
| 111 | to fight | |
| 112 | to hunt | |
| 113 | to hit | |
| 114 | to cut | కయీప్ (kayīp) |
| 115 | to split | |
| 116 | to stab | |
| 117 | to scratch | కోక్ (kōk) |
| 118 | to dig | తవ్ (tav) |
| 119 | to swim | ఈన్ద్ (īnd) |
| 120 | to fly | నీఙ్గ (nīṅga) |
| 121 | to walk | |
| 122 | to come | వర్ (var) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | |
| 124 | to sit | |
| 125 | to stand | |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | |
| 127 | to fall | పడ్ (paḍ) |
| 128 | to give | సీ (sī) |
| 129 | to hold | |
| 130 | to squeeze | పిణ్డ్ (piṇḍ) |
| 131 | to rub | |
| 132 | to wash | ఒడ్ (oḍ) |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | తివ్వుర్ (tivvur) |
| 135 | to push | నూక్ (nūk) |
| 136 | to throw | జొపిడ్ (jopiḍ) |
| 137 | to tie | కట్ (kaṭ) |
| 138 | to sew | |
| 139 | to count | లెక్కిడ్ (lekkiḍ) |
| 140 | to say | ఎన్ (en) |
| 141 | to sing | పాడ్ (pāḍ) |
| 142 | to play | |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | |
| 147 | sun | |
| 148 | moon | నెల (nela) |
| 149 | star | |
| 150 | water | ఈర్ (īr) |
| 151 | rain | |
| 152 | river | |
| 153 | lake | |
| 154 | sea | |
| 155 | salt | సుప్ (sup) |
| 156 | stone | |
| 157 | sand | |
| 158 | dust | |
| 159 | earth | |
| 160 | cloud | |
| 161 | fog | |
| 162 | sky | |
| 163 | wind | |
| 164 | snow | |
| 165 | ice | |
| 166 | smoke | |
| 167 | fire | కిస్ (kis) |
| 168 | ash | |
| 169 | to burn | ఎర్కె (erke) |
| 170 | road | |
| 171 | mountain | |
| 172 | red | ఎర్రొడి (erroḍi) |
| 173 | green | |
| 174 | yellow | పసుడి (pasuḍi) |
| 175 | white | తెలొడి (teloḍi) |
| 176 | black | కారి (kāri) |
| 177 | night | |
| 178 | day | |
| 179 | year | |
| 180 | warm | |
| 181 | cold | |
| 182 | full | |
| 183 | new | |
| 184 | old | |
| 185 | good | సోయ్ (sōy) |
| 186 | bad | |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | |
| 194 | wet | |
| 195 | dry | |
| 196 | correct | |
| 197 | near | |
| 198 | far | |
| 199 | right | |
| 200 | left | |
| 201 | at | |
| 202 | in | లోపా (lōpā) |
| 203 | with | |
| 204 | and | आणि ( āṇi) |
| 205 | if | |
| 206 | because | |
| 207 | name | पिदिर् ( pidir) |