Appendix:Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay reconstructions

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Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay reconstructions:

Foley (2005)

[edit]

A phonological reconstruction of proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay (proto-Ottilien) has been proposed by Foley (2005).[1]

gloss proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay Watam Kaian Gamay Bosmun Awar
one *kaku kaku kaku kabe koku mbɨnə
two *mbuniŋ mbwoini mbuniŋ mbuniŋ mbuniŋ mbuni
three giramot giramaut mbonkak bonkak mbribin
person *namot namot namot ramot mot mot
woman/mother aem meak meak mes/mam məri/mam
father aes aes aet sate sat
water arum ŋarum puk mok mok
fire *s(u)ək sak sak tak suək suək
sun *ra(u) nau/ra ra ra lau rau
moon *kər(v)i ndoŋar kare karvɨi kərvi kəri
star gwi gwae gwi ɲjem pot
canoe *kor kor kor kor kor kor
house endau endau kak tomuŋ to
village n(a)oŋ noŋ auŋ wunis ŋuni
breast *mɨr mur mur mɨr mɨr mɨr
tooth *nda(r) ndakai ndakai ndar dar ndar
blood rumb yakaind rakaind nimbit rerik
bone *ɣar gagar gagar gagar ɣar ɣarɣar
tongue *mi(m) mi memraŋ mim eitap ɲjiekpun
ear *kwar kwar kwar kwar kur kur
eye *rəmeak namak rameak lamŋeak rəmak rəmaʔ
nose *ŋgum ŋgum ŋgum ŋgum ŋgum ŋgum
leg *or ? or or or or rue
hair mbunat sabrit yakwar twakarɨ dəmbar
egg yor yor lor nuok nuʔ
bird *ŋgwarak ŋgorak ŋgorak ŋgorak gwarak ŋgorak
leaf *(ra)par rapar rapar rapar par par
tree padoŋ paraŋ ik kən kən
yesterday *ɣur ŋur ŋaup ŋaur ɣur gur
tomorrow *ɣurap ? ŋarap ŋorap ŋorap vuarap gurap
oar *anup anup anup nup nuap nop
betelnut *mbok meɲjak mbok mbok mbok mbok
lime *awi(r) ai aipak avir verpak virwa
sago *veak wak weak veak ves vek
pig *rəkəm markum markum markəm rəkəm rəgəm
crocodile namkai nomgai mugmai ŋgome ŋgumi
snake *ndop mindop mindop nduop ndup kondok
name *ɣi wi wi i ji gi
mosquito *ŋgit naŋgit naŋgit ŋgit ɲjet ŋget
ground wakar wakar tiakar tesin terik
feces *yu/o yo yupak lo yuwur ɲjit
hear *varak warak warak warak vai vai
hit ruŋ pi pi ŋara ŋa
eat *amb amb amb amb mba mba
go *saŋg saŋg saŋg taŋg saŋg saŋg
come *kɨp rukup rukup kɨp kɨp kɨp
sit *mbirak mbirak mbirak mbirak berak mbirak
stand *-tik utik utik wɨtɨk tis tik
big nakan aneak aɲek ɣor vret
good *ya(o)ŋ yaoŋ yaoŋ laŋ yaŋ yandi
black *mbəkmbək mbukmbuk mbukmbuk mbəkmbək bəkbək mbəkmbək
hot wiwi wai ovai vɨvi gɨgɨr
cold gagau gagau gagau ɣiɣiat rivut

Comparisons

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Below, proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay is listed in comparison with four other Ramu languages that are closely related to, but not part of, Watam-Awar-Gamay: the w:Misegian languages Kire and Mikarew, and the Tanggu languages Tangu and Igom.[1]

gloss proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay Kire Mikarew Tangu Igom
one *kaku ibabira aməra wunwan unuʔaka
two *mbuniŋ pʰunini poni munai mokupea
three pʰuni pomənimkasam munainwan mokupea unuʔa
person *namot guma guma wanik wuɣu
woman/mother mbik aim/ami məin məin
father ndia apisi yavai yap
water mbɨ cup niam niam
fire *s(u)ək vap ariv ruwuv/rogup lugu
sun *ra(u) ra are gar ŋgar
moon *kər(v)i kəniŋ ekini mənam mənam
star kam mukope riyɨndɨk likian
canoe *kor kem agiam
house vun/pen tɨpeŋ taŋ taŋ
village ŋgu uŋip məŋ miaŋ
breast *mɨr ta ote ŋgyuav gii
tooth *nda(r) thar atarim andar dər
blood vusun wusi irien məy
bone *ɣar xar aɣar ɣavaŋ ɣavaŋ
tongue *mi(m) ze mɨzm mamiakɨ mimiaŋ
ear *kwar kwar kwar wukwar ɣukwar
eye *rəmeak rumaʔ tama raik raik
nose *ŋgum kwom winiba munwam eɲjia
leg *or ? ruu sue miɲaŋ mbwan
hair rugun tapanari ɣasia/ŋgasia rɨgesn
egg rer aror mɨnduapen warɨan
bird *ŋgwarak kworak kwara ŋgwarak ŋgwarak
leaf *(ra)par far tafarim rapar pat
tree kʰa tep gək ɣək
yesterday *ɣur gurmun pɨkɨm ruar mugisi
tomorrow *ɣurap ? gurmun kuromu wumasan mom
oar *anup (n)dab iŋgap
betelnut *mbok puk mis miak miak
lime *awi(r) rwi iwim uwuren uɣum
sago *veak vik wisim giav/ŋiav yaŋgia
pig *rəkəm dam ta ram ram
crocodile kum koa viari laisaŋ
snake *ndop kuruk kuru kyuok kiak
name *ɣi zin izi rigiav rigiaŋ
mosquito *ŋgit ket ci ŋgwan gwan
ground nwiaʔan ŋwas nduv ʃa
feces *yu/o vi(r) buarim gavig miɲaŋ
hear *varak mbara? orak vara/bara mwiari
hit soʔ sos ŋak mənaramu
eat *amb mbɨ tama ɣam/mi kam
go *saŋg vu/ŋgu usi maŋ/wugi gi
come *kɨp si/sa iɣ/giji karigi
sit *mbirak peraʔ apria ipi/pindi pwiaŋge
stand *-tik tʰək cu ɣambi/ləmbe rambia
big bakume aruʔa ruma/arum arum
good *ya(o)ŋ vuŋ aŋwi swari/ara yara
black *mbəkmbək pək pək ŋes/nəs ŋiatʃ
hot qurgur fei uŋtiki varip

References

[edit]
  1. 1.0 1.1 Foley, William A. (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 109–144. →ISBN. OCLC 67292782.
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