Appendix:Proto-Gunwinyguan reconstructions

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Proto-Gunwinyguan reconstructions:[1]

Harvey (2003)

[edit]

Phonology

[edit]
Proto-Gunwinyguan consonants
labial alveolar retroflex laminal palatal velar glottal
lenis stop b d rt th j g q
nasal m n rn ny ng
lateral l rl
tap/trill rr
approximant w r y
Proto-Gunwinyguan vowels
front central back
high i u
mid e o
low a

List

[edit]
No. Gloss Proto-Gunwinyguan
1 conjunction *ca
2 Grevillea pteridifolia *caca ~ *yacca
3 to smoke (tr) *ca(p)pul-
4 palm sp. *cacak
5 ant sp. *cak
6 yamstick *cakkaq
7 left hand *cakku
8 gudgeon sp. *cakorlk
9 tree-dwelling plant sp. *calamarti(ny)
10 centipede *calarr
11 yam sp. *calma
12 spinifex *calng
13 clapsticks *camarlak
14 constellation *camarlarra
15 belongings of the dead *-camo
16 billycan *campakkaq
17 ground oven *camparl
18 death adder *campVn/rn
19 small kangaroo *camunpuk
20 yam sp. *canak
21 goanna sp. *canay
22 throat, chin, jaw *-cangarak
23 slingshot *cangay
24 to hunt *cang-ka-
25 plural/collective; really (intensifier) *-cangki
26 frill-necked lizard *cangkurr
27 palm sp. *cantac
28 to lie/sit knees up *cap-
29 to stab *cap-
30 wattle sp. *capec
31 quoll *cappo
32 long-horned grasshopper *cappurtenyqrteny
33 WMB *capur
34 dreaming *carang
35 crayfish *carla
36 king brown snake *carlung
37 bubbles, froth, foam, saliva, beer *carnarr
38 jabiru *carnarran
39 whimbrel *carnpalcarnpal
40 banyon *carnqpa
41 floater insect *carrapuypuy
42 water goanna *carrkka
43 tree sp. *carrmarn/ny
44 female agile wallaby *carrurtrtu
45 to rub firesticks *carta
46 red apple *cartuk
47 grasshopper *cateytey
48 thigh bone (cf. *-mo bone) *-cat-mo
49 green tree frog *catngerecngerec
50 bird sp. *catperlqperl
51 frog *catti
52 to ask *ca-wa-
53 koel *cawok
54 water lily stem *cawqcaw
55 beard *cawurrk
56 nose *ce
57 stone axe *celerr
58 to drip *celq-
59 tongue *-cen
60 Grevillea sp. *cenkererr
61 green shoot *centel
62 fish *ceny
63 milkwood *cenycok
64 small dillybag *cerr
65 goanna sp. *cerrekko
66 one *-cerring
67 pandanus mat *cerrpe
68 ground oven *cet
69 yam sp. *cetparl
70 rifle fish *cetperte
71 chewing plug *ceyec
72 wet season *ceyowk
73 bird sp. *ceyqmi
74 wallaby sp. *ci(c)cuk
75 to fart *cic-
76 dreaming *ciccan
77 willy wagtail *cikirricikirric
78 breast *cikka
79 to jingle *cili(ci)lq-
80 whistleduck *cilikuypi
81 crest *cilin
82 Capparis umbonata *ciliwirn
83 to rain *cilk-
84 to come *cim
85 Pandanus aquaticus *cimcim
86 leech *cimiq
87 knife *cimirnrti
88 snake sp. *cimirnulk
89 stomach *-cing
90 bat sp. *ciniminy
91 shark *cinma
92 fish *cipak
93 mistletoe *cirnirrin/ny
94 grass sp. *cirr
95 love magic *cirri
96 quail *cirrirnrti(t)
97 bird sp. *cirrirtiti
98 woomera type *cirrk
99 to push *cirrk-ka-
100 native mouse *cirrkkiny
101 to sneeze *cirrnga-
102 bony bream *cirrpili
103 whistleduck *cirrpiyuk
104 to steal *cit/rt-
105 scorpion *co(wo)c
106 aunt *cokong
107 hornet *cokparl
108 carpet snake *cokpiny
109 to sneak up on, to hide (tr) *colam-
110 ripe, cooked *colang
111 ground *colkko
112 to kiss *congq-
113 to pass by *corlk
114 deep *corlok
115 to cough *corq-
116 to shift *corq-
117 cockrag *corrkkon
118 to straighten, to stretch *corrng-
119 to defecate *corrq-
120 to become daylight *cortowq
121 nail-tailed wallaby *cotet
122 tree sp. *cotmo(ng)
123 to limp *cottoy-
124 to cross *cowk-
125 afternoon *cowq-mi-ku
126 give *coy
127 water goanna *cucca
128 female black wallaby *cukerre
129 to descend *cul/rrq-
130 goanna sp. *cularr
131 dust *culng
132 ashes *culpu
133 tree sp. *culukkurn
134 stone *cuntu
135 shrub sp. *cuppiq
136 to swim *cuq-
137 aggressor *curam
138 bowerbird *curerrk
139 kingfisher sp. *curk
140 whirlwind *curlum
141 lancewood *curluq
142 black-headed python *curn
143 rock wallaby *curnrtupolq
144 to pour *curr-
145 taipan *currang
146 parrot sp. *curri
147 to go down *currpu
148 tawny frogmouth, owl sp. *currul
149 nape of neck *-cut
150 to send *cuyq-
151 uncle *Cacac
152 kangaroo rat *Cakot
153 new leaves *Calala
154 fishtail palm *Calmarr
155 to flame up *Calq-
156 jaw *-Camkalk
157 perhaps, for nothing *Camku
158 nothing *Camolk
159 ritual guardian *-Camorrwu
160 yam sp. *Campurl
161 MF *Camuny
162 to shout in Gunabibi, to take young men to ceremony ground *Cangarrk-
163 expert hunter *Cangkay
164 to eat noisily *Cangq-
165 saltwater *Canypalk
166 foreskin, uncircumcised man *Capiny
167 sacred *Cappurru
168 to wriggle, to slither; to crawl *Carlarla-
169 flood *Carrang
170 charcoal *Carric
171 firstborn *Cartpa
172 bird (generic) *Cartuk
173 tawny frogmouth *Cawarl
174 bird sp. *Cawayakwayak
175 burned out grass, grass sp. *Cawelk
176 to refuse *Cay(q)-
177 big [avoidance term], lots *Ceccerr
178 willy wagtail *Ciningkirric
179 to flow/run down (of liquids) *Cololo-
180 bee sp. *Congko
181 rotten *Conpolk
182 to kick *Corlq-
183 female kangaroo *Corlwana
184 tree sp. *Corne
185 to fish *Culq-
186 to spill *Culuk-
187 riverbank *Cumpay
188 to attack on the sly, to kill by sorcery *Cumurrk-
189 single girl *Curnkun
190 to hit/poke (ground) with a digging stick *Cut-
191 to drip *CVp-
192 parallel grandparent *ka(k)kak
193 knife *kace/it
194 spouse *kakkali
195 properly *kakku
196 FF *kakung
197 lizard sp. *kal/rlkkal/rlk
198 slowly *kal/rrkal/rr
199 hill *kala
200 bird sp. *kalakkala
201 clear ground *kalal
202 plant sp. *kalangarnrtaq
203 goanna *kalawan
204 other *kalic
205 to pick up *kali-ma-
206 dangerous person, evil *kalk
207 brains *kalngorkngork
208 calf *-kalpam
209 to climb *kalq
210 properly *kamakkun
211 hard, tough *-kamo
212 crab *kampuk
213 temporal *kamunycu
214 ear *-kanam
215 jabiru *kanci
216 belly *kanga
217 leg *kanta
218 meat *kany
219 small *kanyaq
220 to guzzle *kapkap-
221 blacksoil plain *kappal/rr
222 white mud *kapparnrtaq
223 ironwood *kappay
224 paucal *-kappul
225 dry *kappurk
226 blind *kappurla
227 might be *kare
228 headband *karlampa
229 shoulder *karlang
230 bony bream *karlarlppa
231 dilly bag *karlarr
232 Long Tom fish *karlerrq
233 boomerang *karlikarliq
234 tadpole *karlkke
235 freshwater mangrove *karlngka/iny
236 wattle sp., woomera type *karlppu
237 black cockatoo *karnamarr
238 black flying fox *karnampal
239 emu, large feathers on emu *karnanganyca
240 mother in law *karncoy
241 big bandicoot *karnma
242 leech sp. *karnpany
243 palm sp. *karnpany
244 Acacia sp. *karnpirr
245 tree snake *karnpowk
246 female kangaroo *karnrtalppurru
247 spine *karnrtan-mo
248 female kangaroo *karnrtayq
249 dingo *karnrteken
250 collective *-karra
251 leg, shin *-karra
252 top *karra
253 black cockatoo *karrak
254 diver duck *karrakkarrak
255 spoonbill *karral/rla
256 mother *karrang
257 to grow *karrany-ci-
258 spinifex sp. *karrarnrtalk
259 breastplate *karrartarta
260 west *karri(ny)
261 bucket *karricintin
262 spider web *karrk
263 top *karrkkal/rra
264 goshawk *karrkkany
265 insect sp. *karrng
266 yam sp. *karrpil/rlk/q
267 to bog *kart-
268 maybe *karta
269 uncle, spouse *kartak
270 spider *kartap
271 bee sp. *karterre
272 women (avoidance style) *kartukartu
273 hot ashes *kartul
274 to call out *kaw/yq-
275 dingo *kawirVq
276 nankeen night heron *kawk
277 friarbird *kaworlk
278 tree sp., Gardenia megasperma, Capparis umbonata *kayapam
279 uncle *kaykka(y)
280 temporal *kaykku
281 daytime *kaykkupurrq
282 turtle sp. *kaywal
283 directional *ke-
284 married *kel
285 two people related as cross cousins, married, married couples *keli
286 bank *kelk
287 oops *ken
288 mucus *ken/rnorr
289 lizard sp. *kengporlq
290 pulse *kenykeny
291 skink sp. *kenykeny
292 clean *-kereckerec
293 ibis *kernalk
294 new *-kerrng(e)
295 to cough *ketlengq-
296 child *kew
297 something, everything *kicak
298 limestone *kicalkkin
299 small bird sp. *kikkik
300 mirror *kilac
301 yellow ochre *kilirri
302 plant sp. *kilwirrkilwirr
303 snake sp. *kimaci/un
304 mucus *kinerr
305 to cook *kinya-
306 catfish sp. *kirnqkirn
307 to tickle *kitik-
308 kangaroo [generic] *ko/uny
309 head *koc
310 bird sp. *kocowkkocowk
311 cheek *-kokmele
312 nest *-kol
313 water *kolk-
314 yellow ochre *kolongorrq
315 dove *kolototok ~ *kol/rlo(t)tok
316 initiate *kolowuruk
317 fish sp. *kompoq
318 tree sp. *komporloq
319 adolescent boy *komtuc
320 fin; barb, hook *kon
321 plant sp., bush potato *kongkong
322 eye *koq
323 to load, to put in(side) *kor-
324 to be sick *kor-
325 plant part *korl
326 tree sp. *korlangrlang
327 back *-korlo
328 to hook a spear up to a woomera *korlp-
329 Planchonia careya *korlq
330 testicles *korn
331 wallaby sp. *kornopolo
332 before, quickly *korre
333 clothes *-korrk
334 pandanus husk *korrmo
335 before *korroko
336 kookaburra *korrowkkorrow
337 wrong way marriage *korrowol
338 to bog, to jump in water *korrq-
339 white plum *korrwan
340 owl sp. *kortrtol
341 paperbark *kot
342 yam sp. *kotpe
343 pigeon *kottowkkottowk
344 echidna *kowarrang
345 paperbark humpy, bark of stringybark *kowk
346 soup *-koy(ng)
347 freshwater crocodile *koyow
348 large lily sp. *kuccung
349 body, raw *kuk
350 many *kul(p)pam
351 to shoot *kul/rrqwarr-
352 anthill *kulppiny
353 emu *kulppiny
354 frog sp. *kulpungkulpung
355 to be heavy-eyed, to bow head *kuluk-
356 to growl (of the belly) *kululungq-
357 to mourn, to be sorry for *kulurr-
358 boat, float; pandanus mat; paperbark raft *kuluyampi
359 tawny frogmouth *kuluyqkuluy
360 tree sp. *kumpic
361 hand *-kun
362 ground *kunca
363 honey *kung
364 blue-tongue lizard *kungar(l)ak
365 tree sp. *kungurru
366 heavy *-kunkun
367 peacemaker *kuntal
368 storm season *kunumeleng
369 black-headed python *kunungu
370 soul *-kuny
371 cloud *kurl
372 reed *kurlac
373 skin *kurlak
374 paperbark sp. *kurlkurl
375 blood *kurlpa
376 night *kurnmuk
377 black plum *kurnrtalq
378 ibis sp. *kurnrtirnrtirn
379 Flacourtia territorialis *kurnrtun/rn
380 cloud *kurnung
381 tendon *kurr(k)kurr
382 bush string *kurr/rat/rtpa
383 blood *kurrac
384 blue-tongue lizard *kurri
385 blue-tongue lizard *kurrmul/rlu
386 moon *kurrnga
387 sweat *kurrngi/urn/ny
388 olive python *kurrucartu
389 mussell *kurruk
390 corpse *kurrumara
391 arm *-kurrung
392 turtle sp. *kurruppirl
393 to go around *kurtic-
394 black *kurtuk
395 to get up *kut-
396 to copulate *kut(u)kut(u)-
397 clever fellow *kut/rtang(yi)
398 Terminalia grandiflora *kutt/rtrtu
399 bird sp. *kuttapirlq
400 curlew *kuwarlu(/rlu)
401 tall *-kuyang
402 Banksia dentata *kuypuk
403 bird sp. *kVl/rlV(r)wit/rtwit/rt
404 back of neck *-kVm
405 saltwater crocodile *kVngV
406 two *kVrrang
407 stone *kVrrV
408 kookaburra *kVrVwVk
409 chin, face; head *L/rong
410 to throw *Laki-
411 initiated young man *Lakkayen
412 to split *Lak-pu
413 to chase away *Lal
414 to tear *Lal/rlaq-
415 shovel spear *Lama
416 turtle shell; tin can *Lampak
417 sugar glider *Lampalk
418 hand *Langa
419 billabong *-Langka
420 butterfly *Langkalangka
421 pearlshell *Langkalangka
422 goose *Langkurna(ng)
423 tree *Lany
424 bird sp. *Laplap
425 to dry out *Larla-
426 wallaby sp. *Larrppo/un/rniny
427 to stop *Larrq-
428 bamboo pipe *Larrwa
429 to bite *Law-
430 stone spear *Lawk
431 Opilia amentacea *Leklek
432 to rustle *Lelec
433 spotted bream *Leppal
434 shrub sp. *Lerrelerre
435 to clap boomerangs *Lerrq-
436 to light a fire *Lerrq-
437 to look after/at *Let-
438 parrot *Letrlet
439 to fall *Li
440 to join up with, be company with someone; whole lot *Likpa
441 to ache *Lirlqrlirl-
442 black cockatoo *Lirrapin
443 new moon *Lirrk
444 to scratch *Lirrq-
445 to sew *Lit-pu-
446 to swim *Liw
447 lizard sp. *Loklok
448 butcherbird *Lopolopo
449 to be cold *Lork-
450 hollow *Lorrok
451 to grind, to sharpen *Lorrot-
452 to sift *Lorrq-
453 to prise off *Lowk/q-
454 red ochre *Loywa
455 pigeon sp. *Lumpuk
456 to strip bark off, to split *Lumq-
457 down, outside *Lun
458 to swell up *Lurl-
459 behind *Lurra
460 tobacco chewing plug *ma(p)pac
461 wild passionfruit *ma(rt)rtawk
462 swag *mac
463 wind *mac
464 black-headed python *maccurn
465 good *-mak
466 message stick *mak
467 pelican *makkakkurr
468 plant sp. *makorlkorl
469 cold weather *mal/rlVp/wVrr(V)
470 poison *mal/rr-
471 group *mala-
472 bat sp. *malampippi
473 hawk sp. *malawirtiwirti
474 subsection *malk
475 time *malk-
476 to beget [father] *mal-ka-
477 young person; soft *-malmal
478 native tobacco *malmalmac
479 spirit *mam
480 to wrap *maminy-
481 dreaming *mampulpak
482 Canthium lucidum *mamtak
483 ceremony *mamurrng
484 collective *man-
485 echidna *manappurn
486 leaf *mancarr
487 neck, throat *manga
488 woomera *mangal
489 female cross-cousin *mangkang
490 to fall; to lose (intr) *man-ka-
491 stingray barb *manki-manki
492 taste *many-
493 palm sp. *mapam
494 wallaby sp. *mapirling
495 centipede *marla
496 large intestine *marla
497 leaf *marla
498 lizard sp. *marlac
499 insect sp. *marlinyci
500 to wave (of water) *marluk-
501 lame *marluqmarlu
502 arm *-marnak
503 benefactive *marne-
504 to make *marniny-
505 to make *marn-pu-
506 pigeon sp. *marnpulu
507 orphan *marnrtaliny
508 comparative *marr-
509 ghost *marr/ral
510 kite sp. *marram
511 water goanna *marrampal
512 wife-stealer *marrampaq
513 palm sp., Cycas media *marrappi
514 headband *marrappippi
515 hunger *marri-
516 girl *-marriny
517 to believe *marrk-
518 to flash *marrngq-
519 catfish sp. *marrnguny
520 to open *marrq-
521 to shake *marrqmarr-
522 palm sp. *marruny
523 friarbird *martawk
524 ceremony *martayin
525 hawk sp. *martirt
526 to shine *martmart-
527 eucalyptus sp. *martpa
528 barramundi *martpiny
529 paperbark, deep coolamon *martu
530 barramundi *martukkal
531 to flash (of lightning) *martuq-
532 heel, ankle *mat
533 plant sp. *mawurrumpulk
534 poison *mawuya
535 food *may
536 to get lost *mayaq-
537 to flash (of lightning), to wink *mayk/q-
538 Milky Way *mayompol
539 chest *-me/irrk
540 sore *me/ok
541 spearpoint; nose *mel/rleny
542 female wallaby *mel/rlppe
543 light *melang
544 bed *mele
545 mud *melpe
546 mind *men
547 to watch *men-
548 to be a big expanse *meng
549 goanna sp. *merenq
550 tick *merk
551 butterfly *merlemerle
552 shoulder blade *merleppeq
553 pimple stick *merlmerlmi
554 north *merre
555 to (not) know; to crush *mic-
556 goanna hole *mic
557 louse *mic
558 to use mother-in-law language *mik
559 native rat; native cat *mikmik
560 forehead *milq
561 blue-tongue lizard *milqtarl
562 FaMo *mimi
563 negative *-miny
564 to rise (of the sun) *mirlirl-
565 to shine *mirlq-
566 shoulder *mirni
567 scrub *mirnicca
568 cave *mirq
569 to be noisy; to thunder *mirr-
570 barramundi *mirricci
571 to be hot *mirrngq-
572 sharp *mirrq
573 rib *mirtimirti
574 tick *mitturru
575 bone *-mo
576 nut of pandanus *moc
577 to mix *moc-
578 bee sp. *mocarngq
579 clan *mokurrkurr
580 mortuary package of bones; large bones of arm and leg *mol/rlerreny
581 secretly *monic-
582 to break, to snap *mop
583 tree sp. *moppan
584 grub, fly *mork
585 father’s cross-cousin; mother’s older sister *morla
586 blue-tongue lizard *morlel
587 secretly *morlk-
588 to sit quiet *morlk
589 hip *-morlo
590 road *morlo
591 didgeridoo *morlu
592 to carry on shoulder *morna-
593 poison; power; ghost, corpse *mornrte
594 to be/get dark *morr
595 catfish *morropporl
596 to be quiet *mot-
597 to cut *mot
598 rainbow serpent *muc
599 coolibah *muccu
600 indeed *mukka
601 owl sp. *mukmuk
602 paperbark sp. *mul/rlmu
603 necronym; denizen *mulu-
604 conkerberry *mululuk
605 initiand *mululuk
606 tree sp. *muluppirnrti
607 ironwood *mulyurruny
608 mud cod *mun
609 shoulder *-mun/rncum
610 wrong *mungu
611 all the time *munguyq
612 to follow *munke/u-
613 grass sp. *munmunq
614 sorcery *munpa
615 dark *munun
616 to be blocked *mup-
617 spoonbill *muqmu
618 to blindfold *murl
619 fish sp. *murlili
620 to be many *murlp
621 woven item *murr(k)ka
622 three *murrkkun
623 shovel spear *murrnginy
624 tree sp. *murrppunq
625 flying fox *murru
626 dragonfly *murrumpic
627 black currant *murrungkurn
628 plant sp. *murrurnmani
629 FaFa *murti
630 body hair *mut
631 fly sp. *mutmurr
632 spider *mutta
633 sun *mutta
634 to lose *muy-
635 tucker *muya
636 cross-grandparent *mVmVm
637 frogmouth *Na-cik
638 countryman, man *Nal
639 barramundi *Namarnkorl
640 male kangaroo *Namarr
641 falling star *Namorrortrto
642 there *Nan
643 to sing *Nana-
644 black flying fox *Nangamung
645 saltwater crocodile *Nangkurru
646 kidney *Nanti(l)ttil
647 to shave *Narrq-
648 whole lot *Nart
649 horse *Nento/u
650 to grab *New
651 elbow *Ney
652 small bird sp. *Nin
653 to smell (tr) *No-ma-
654 water rat *Norn
655 insect sp. *Nornorrmi
656 stinking *Norr
657 to be heaped *Nort
658 possessions *Nulq
659 saliva *-Nuny
660 water weed *Nurric
661 to snore; to snort [as of a pig] *NVrrngq-
662 to sneeze *nga(c)ci-
663 spring *ngaccal
664 grey-crowned babbler *ngakngak
665 mouth *-ngal/rrk
666 out/up *ngal/rrq-
667 white corella *ngalelek
668 female plains kangaroo *ngalicirri
669 to find *ngal-ka-
670 old woman *ngal-koqpany
671 catfish *ngal-makkawarre/i
672 wild potato *ngampirnqngampirn
673 buffalo *nganapparru
674 language *ngani
675 to talk *nganka-
676 eye *-nganycurla
677 eucalyptus sp. *ngapak
678 hair *ngar
679 saliva *ngarl
680 turtle shell *ngarlan
681 slope *ngarlk
682 dog louse *ngarnrtak
683 snake *ngarrac
684 white cockatoo *ngarrac
685 saratoga *ngarrayarl
686 I, me *ngarrk
687 short-necked turtle *ngart
688 fishing line *ngat/rterr
689 cycad *ngaththu
690 rifle fish *ngatpan
691 lily sp. *ngawkngawk
692 to not know; no, nothing *ngawun
693 to whisper *ngayawk-
694 to ask *ngec-
695 night *ngek
696 mother *ngele
697 to be full *ngemq-
698 pouch *-ngerng
699 heart *ngerq
700 to breathe, to have a breath, to have a rest *ngerq-
701 sleep *ngerre
702 white cockatoo *ngerrk
703 name *-ngey
704 black currant *ngik
705 to blow nose *nginyq-
706 rib *-ngo/urrk
707 sibling-in-law *ngo/uy
708 pandanus sp. *ngokngo
709 cloud, sky *ngol
710 to talk *ngol/rlok-
711 river red gum *ngolongkoq
712 to echo *ngolyowq-
713 wind *ngonto
714 to fall *ngorl/rq-
715 eel *ngorlo
716 wallaby sp. *ngorlomorro
717 ankle *-ngoro
718 to carry on back/shoulder *ngorr-ka-
719 flower *ngorro
720 to suck blood (native doctor as curative practice) *ngort-
721 ankle *ngortokoc
722 sleepyhead *ngoyongoyo
723 to buzz *ngu-
724 guts *nguk
725 to fart *nguk-tirrq-
726 snake sp. *nguntic
727 same *ngunycu
728 black *ngurl
729 duck sp. *ngurlirri
730 firestick *ngurniq
731 to dislike *ngurrng(ki)-
732 catfish sp. *ngurru
733 emu *ngurru(rn)rtuc
734 to dig *ngurrumq-
735 to be quiet *ngurt-
736 to thunder *ngurtul/rl-
737 to growl *ngVrr(ng)-
738 to make noise *nyaknyak
739 rain *nyalk
740 orchid sp. *nyarlkkan
741 father *nyarra
742 to talk *nyawk-
743 to dislike *nyirrq-
744 to sprinkle *nyiwk
745 to swallow *nyolk/q-
746 to blow nose *nyuc-
747 native cat *nyuluk
748 small bird sp. *nyurric
749 collective *-pa
750 perlative *-pa
751 wild potato *pa(c)cu
752 sibling *pa(p)pa
753 water weed; pond algae *pak
754 benefactive prefix *pak-
755 to break up *pak-
756 tree rat; quoll *pakkaci
757 new *pal/rlangkin
758 shark *pal/rlangu
759 wide; shallow *pal/rlpmi
760 side *pala-
761 leech *palac
762 cousin *palak
763 long ago *palay
764 wide *-paliwu
765 pulse *palkenykeny
766 wallaby *palkkiny/c
767 rope *palkku
768 mate *palppara
769 to block *palq-
770 ritual sponsor *-palukkayin
771 head *-pam
772 to bake *pam-ma
773 plant part *-pamo
774 bald *pam-parl
775 ant sp. *pamporkpampork
776 Ficus opposita *pampul/rla
777 stump *pampurr(u)q
778 turtle sp. *pamterk
779 canoe *pamuny
780 goose *pamurru
781 plant sp. *panganypangany
782 women’s dance *pantimi
783 smell *pany
784 wet season *panykarrang
785 to collect honey; to fill container with solids [including honey] *pany-pu-
786 to put down *pap
787 to ride *pap/q-
788 yam sp. *papuc
789 fish sp. *par(a)ccarr
790 cheeky *-parang
791 vagina *parla
792 level ground, clear ground *-parlac
793 nearly *parlan-
794 track *parlaq
795 to overflow *parlk-
796 boomerang *parlkkan
797 to make a bed *parlparl
798 flat *parlpparl
799 clause particle *parna
800 tree sp. *parna(c)ca
801 spotted nightjar *parnangka
802 Owenia vernicosa *parnarr
803 white ochre *parnca
804 circumcised *parnrtarri
805 to open *parr-
806 spear tree *parra(k)karl
807 kookaburra *parraca
808 darter (bird sp.) *parrakparrak
809 plant sp. *parram
810 rockhole; end of cliff *parrarn
811 native cat; native rat *parri
812 black wallaroo *parrk
813 to break/crack *parrk/q-
814 to shake *parrparr-
815 to dawn *parrq-
816 knee *-part
817 to grab *part
818 baby *partarta
819 benefactive *partrta-
820 march fly *partrti
821 rock *pat
822 wallaby sp. *patporng
823 to leave, to pass by *pa-wo/u
824 pelican *paya
825 green plum *pe/irrke/iq
826 quinine tree *pecca
827 file snake *pekka
828 frog sp. *pel(k)kangqmi
829 to lick *pelek-
830 to lick *peleng(k)-
831 gecko spp. *pelerrk
832 to stick (tr) *pelp
833 dew *pemarrk
834 fish sp. *pempem
835 handle *-pen
836 hearing, understanding *peng-
837 to snap *peng
838 to remind *peng-tayq-
839 bustard *penuk
840 shoulder blade *-peremelk
841 bad *perk
842 aunt *perlu
843 eucalyptus sp. *pernpern
844 chest *perre
845 plover *perrepperrep
846 rainbow bee-eater *perrertperrert
847 masked plover *pettelerrelerre
848 to drink *pi-
849 to pick out; to correct *pic-
850 file snake *piccirri
851 to squeeze *picip-
852 whirlwind *picurtu
853 rope *pik
854 black snake *pil/rr
855 plant sp. *pilirrng
856 galah *pilkpilk
857 white ochre *pim
858 to paint/write *pim-pu-
859 to go tsk *pingq-
860 really *pinti
861 breast *pippi
862 man’s child *pippi
863 to tell *pir
864 sharp point *pirl
865 Acacia holosericea *pirliwirli
866 barramundi *pirlmu
867 to hit in upper leg; to break long object - e.g. leg *pirlq
868 nail *pirniny
869 bird sp. *pirnqpirnrtok
870 plant sp. *pirnrte
871 native mouse *pirnrti
872 biting insect sp. *pirnrtu
873 glossy ibis *pirnrtu
874 hand *-pirr
875 to knead *pirric
876 bee sp. *pirrkkurta
877 to clean *pirrp/q-
878 beeswax *pirti
879 nearly *pirtic-
880 tea tree *pirtippirti
881 lily seed damper; soft *pirtrtiny
882 plant sp. *pitort
883 dried up, wrinkled *-piyak
884 river *po
885 avoidance *po(ng)q-
886 ground oven *po/uy
887 archer fish *poccalk
888 spear *pokko
889 trouble *pol
890 cicatrice *polic
891 country, territory *polk-
892 parent - spouse speaking; woman *polo
893 rainbow serpent *polo/ung
894 track *polq
895 to camp out *polyong
896 Dalabon *pon
897 goanna sp. *pongka
898 wattle sp. *pongka
899 finished *pony
900 now *ponyi
901 to smell *pop-
902 track *pork
903 to turn around *porlet-
904 water python *porlokko
905 tree *porloq
906 brolga *pornorrong
907 woomera *pornrtok
908 to snore *porr(q)-
909 tree sp. *portokorr
910 to cross *portop
911 fly, native bee *pot
912 green ant *potparng
913 flat country, floodplain *powk
914 to shout out; to show; to tell, to recount *poyq-
915 velvet-tailed gecko *poywek
916 to smoke (intr) *puc-
917 fish sp. *pucce/iq
918 to spin, to twist *pucuq-
919 to dry up *puk-
920 to show *puk-
921 only *-pukiq
922 dream *pukirri ~ *pukurr
923 pheasant *pukpuk
924 to bury *pul-
925 paperbark sp. *pul(p)pul
926 eagle *pulccan
927 really, very *pulkkic
928 middle *pulkku
929 white plum *pulme/u
930 numb; to have cramps *pulut-
931 small black ant sp. *pum/ng
932 ghost bat *pumapuma
933 plant sp. *punparr
934 file snake *punupun
935 clump of bamboo; Bambusa arnhemica *-puny
936 lizard sp. *punyciny/ng
937 to kiss *punyq-
938 to blow *puq-
939 to make *pura-
940 boomerang *puran
941 water goanna *purarr
942 ashes *purlnguq
943 feather *purluk
944 ankle; kneecap *purn
945 lily *purppa
946 to swell *purq-
947 to know *purrk-na-
948 to slap one’s thighs *purrq-
949 snake sp. *purrukulu
950 turtle sp. *purrunganti
951 scabies *purruppurru
952 close *purrupurruq
953 Cassytha filiformis *purrurnpurrurn
954 water python *purrurtci
955 Xanthostemon paradoxus *purt/lu
956 plant sp. *purta
957 armpit sweat *putca ~ *purtca
958 tree sp. - Brachychiton diversifolium *putput
959 smell *puy-
960 to singe *puyppuy-
961 camp *rak
962 paperbark *rakkalaq
963 red-eyed pigeon *rakul
964 male *rangem
965 to paint *rarrk-
966 again *rawoyq-
967 flesh *ray
968 camp *rerr
969 tooth *-retmV
970 to dodge spears *ro(ng)-ma-
971 pandanus *rok
972 to move *ro-ka-
973 level, even; same *roqrok
974 all *rowk
975 scrub; grass [generic] *rul/rlk
976 Torresian imperial pigeon *rumuq
977 ridge; blacksoil area; grass used in corroborees *ruwurr
978 kidney *T/rterpat/rt
979 pelvis *-Tak
980 to float *Tal/rl-ka-
981 sand goanna *Talak
982 daytime *Talkkan
983 to kick *Talq-
984 to pound *Talq-
985 mushroom *Tamtam
986 to click tongue *Tangq-
987 spear type *Tany
988 to spear *Tany-pu-
989 to cut *Tanyq-
990 to close *Tap-
991 to stick *Tap-
992 block tobacco *Tapi
993 across *Tarawq
994 white; turtle with white and yellow head bands *-Tark
995 to clap clapsticks *Tarlq-
996 lizard sp. *Tarnrtamarra
997 black cockatoo *Tarrapiya
998 black-headed goanna *Tarrarra
999 Phragmites *Tarrin
1000 honey *Tarta
1001 good *-Tek
1002 to move *Tel/rrep/q-
1003 to pinch *Teq-
1004 strong *Terqrter
1005 red apple *Terreneq
1006 to attach to *Terreng-
1007 to crawl *Terreq-
1008 to tie *Terrqpa
1009 plover *Tetterran
1010 parrot sp. *Tettet ~ *Letlet
1011 white *Tew(o)(q)
1012 dollar bird *Tewtew
1013 yam sp. *Tickala(ng)
1014 yam sp. *Tickanku
1015 sharp edge, to carve *Tilk-
1016 to paint *Tilq-
1017 fish sp.; water insect with long whiskers *Timin/nytimin/ny
1018 cicada sp. *Tinirtini
1019 to itch *Tiqtiri(ny)-
1020 peewee *Tirlkrtirlk
1021 holey *Tirnrtirn
1022 tree sp. *Tirringkil
1023 to be tight, to get stuck *Tirrp-
1024 moon; moon snake *Tirt
1025 wedge-tailed eagle *Tiwana
1026 semen *To/uk
1027 to line up *Tolktolk-
1028 to cover *Tolom-pu-
1029 to break, to snap (tr); to burst *Tolq-
1030 crooked *Tong/ny
1031 in a line *Tonko
1032 heart, stomach, viscera *Tor
1033 tree sp. *Torok
1034 rock wallaby *Torriya
1035 tree sp. *Torrokkorl
1036 to dry up *Torroq-
1037 to pull *Torrorrq-
1038 louse *Tort
1039 to go down *Tortoq-
1040 MoMoMo; MoBrSoC *Totoyq
1041 shallow *Totto
1042 to burst *Towk-
1043 to tie *Tuk-
1044 large mussel *Tukpu
1045 ring-tailed possum *Tukula
1046 to lie down *Tul
1047 branches used as camouflage *Tulq
1048 to burn *Tulq-
1049 bony bream *Tulukkurr
1050 eye *-Tum
1051 asleep *Tum-ke(k)ka
1052 tears *Tum-mira
1053 to open eye *Tum-pay(ngq)-
1054 to snap *Tumurrq-
1055 cave *Tun ~ *Lun
1056 to beat (of the heart) *Tup-
1057 to sit down *Tup
1058 Leichhardt tree *Tupal
1059 hollow *Tuppun
1060 bird sp. *Turic
1061 string *Turn
1062 to sit *Turq-
1063 to poke *Turrp
1064 small wallaby sp. *Tuwat
1065 tobacco *th/campakku
1066 small *thakku
1067 green tree frog *thakparrarraq
1068 mouth *-thala
1069 sand *thampur
1070 to block *thamq-
1071 grass *thamul(ng)
1072 tree sp. *thangkiq
1073 meat *thangku
1074 tree *thantaq
1075 pandanus mat *tharnrtiyaq
1076 thigh, leg (Proto-Pama-Nyungan *DHarra ‘thigh’) *-tharr
1077 yesterday *thathaparngq
1078 waterlily *thattam
1079 country *thawal
1080 now *thawaq
1081 beard *thawarrak
1082 clan *thaworro
1083 urine *thele
1084 tongue *thelng
1085 foot *thenge
1086 woman *thingq
1087 liver (Proto-Pama-Nyungan DHiba) *thiw
1088 to extinguish *thom-pu-
1089 quinine brush *thorrowq
1090 father-in-law *thoy
1091 Acacia holosericea *thukkul
1092 corroboree *thulu
1093 Long Tom fish *thumpi
1094 waist *thumu
1095 Canthium attenuatum, Exocarpos latifolius *thumuk
1096 bloodwood *thumurluk
1097 bandicoot *thungkaq
1098 pigeon sp. *T(h)apparr
1099 egg *T(h)apu
1100 king brown snake *T(h)atpe
1101 pandanus *T(h)ayarr
1102 white ochre *T(h)elek
1103 ant sp. *T(h)ettel
1104 fish sp. *T(h)olppo
1105 hill *T(h)ulum
1106 to spear *T(h)ulu-pu-
1107 beetle sp. *T(h)umtum
1108 really *-T(h)uniny
1109 camp *wa(t)ta
1110 both *wac-
1111 goanna sp. *waccurnrtu
1112 wrong marriage *waciwaci
1113 water *wak
1114 fishing line *wakkic
1115 crow *wakwak
1116 smoke *wal
1117 hot *-walak
1118 south *walam
1119 forehead *walama
1120 fishnet *walapi
1121 little *walk
1122 to hang *walngq-
1123 bustard *walppurrungku
1124 to fly away *walqwal-
1125 lizard sp. *walwalngurru
1126 honey *wam
1127 turtle *wamarra
1128 wallaby sp. *wanarr
1129 meat *wang
1130 to half-cook *wanga/erre-
1131 one *wangkinyq
1132 sorcery objects *wangpol
1133 armpit *-wany
1134 like that *wany
1135 like *-wanykiq
1136 spirit *waral
1137 snake sp. *waran
1138 to travel *warawat
1139 guardian; someone owing a debt to opposite moiety, initiate to ceremony *ware
1140 to hide *warl(k)-
1141 tree sp. *warlan
1142 bat sp. *warlang
1143 wide *warlaq
1144 to wash *warlarrk-
1145 to cook in ashes *warlat-pu
1146 initiate *warling
1147 hot weather *warlirr
1148 to enter *warlk-
1149 fish sp. *warlkkarra
1150 elbow; feather, wing *warlmu/orr
1151 to open *warlng
1152 pubic tassle *warlppurr
1153 to go around *warluk-
1154 vine sp. - Cynanchum pedunculatum *warnpek
1155 track *warnrta
1156 tree sp. *warnwarn
1157 to toss *warow-
1158 to sing (tr) *war-pu-
1159 to swim *warr-
1160 bad *warr(a)
1161 turtle sp. *warracan
1162 leaves for rubbing corpse *warrarlarla
1163 plain *warrarra
1164 fighting stick *warrawarra
1165 to walkabout *warrcaq-
1166 child *warri
1167 to go bad *warri-
1168 now; quickly *warrikku
1169 plant sp.; Exocarpos latifolus; lemon grass *warrinycalan
1170 boomerang *warrirtila
1171 butcherbird *warrkcirt
1172 ant sp. *warrkwarrk
1173 anyway *warrmpaya
1174 to be many *warrp
1175 to tell a lie *warrp-
1176 to lift *warrq-
1177 to sift *wartap-
1178 tree sp. *wartapic
1179 to skin *wart-pu-
1180 to finish *wat-
1181 Grevillea pteridifolia *watpar
1182 ? to move a body part *way(q)-
1183 to light a fire *wayalq-
1184 temporal suffix *-wayen
1185 to sing *wayini-
1186 high *waykkan
1187 to lift *wayq-
1188 and all *waywo
1189 to fall *way-yi-
1190 MM *wecci
1191 wing *wel
1192 parrot sp. *wel/rrec/y
1193 successful hunter *welang
1194 to swallow *welek-
1195 firestick *welkmo
1196 rainbow fish *werec
1197 to vomit *werq-
1198 to sing (tr) *werreny-pu-
1199 bark *werrk
1200 white *werrkwerrk
1201 yam sp. *wetperr
1202 skin *-wik
1203 bird sp. *wikwik
1204 to take out *wilk-
1205 freshwater *-winyku
1206 possum *wirik
1207 hard, strong; narrow *-wirlang
1208 bird sp. *wirliqwirliq
1209 wire spear *wirlmurr
1210 turtle sp. *wirni
1211 bird sp. *wirnwirn
1212 different *-wirra/ung
1213 long, ceremony; dreaming *wirriciq
1214 to turn wirriny
1215 to remove *wirriq-
1216 bird sp.; rainbow bee-eater; kingfisher; whipbirds *wirritwirrit
1217 black-faced cuckooshrike *wirriwirriyak
1218 properly *-wirru
1219 to go red (of sunset) *wirrwirr-
1220 to whistle *wirt-
1221 plant sp. *wirtu
1222 to wag tail *witi(ny)witi(ny)-
1223 log *woc
1224 to steal *woc-
1225 lungs *woccal
1226 female euro *wolerrk
1227 lightweight *wompan
1228 female *-won
1229 to leave *wonga-
1230 urine *wor(c)
1231 cockroach *wor(o)cwor(o)c
1232 grass sp. *worrongomolo
1233 blowfly *worrorlorl
1234 to jump *worrowk-
1235 belly *worrq
1236 to chase *worrumpok-ka-
1237 to fish *woyk-
1238 to dive in *woyqwoy-
1239 black plum *wucal
1240 frog sp. *wukkara
1241 to bathe *wul/rlup-
1242 sibling *wulkan
1243 all the time *wulung-munguyq
1244 possum sp. *wumpu
1245 shadow *wungurr
1246 to burn *wurlq-
1247 belly *wurr
1248 to be noisy *wurr-
1249 desert, black soil plain *-wurray
1250 bushfire *wurrk
1251 old people *wurrqwurrungu
1252 to shake, to feel giddy *wurrwurr
1253 child *wurt
1254 catfish sp. *wutpa
1255 hungry *-wuyang
1256 went *yacang
1257 nothing *yakki
1258 dillybag *yakko
1259 pandanus *yakngarra
1260 termite *yalang
1261 turtle sp. *yalpuyalpu
1262 to spear *ya-ma-
1263 tooth *yama/errk
1264 grasshopper sp. *yamic
1265 collective *-yan
1266 language *yang
1267 sister *yapok
1268 two *yappanq
1269 rubbish *-yarkyark
1270 to disperse *yarlarr-
1271 bee sp. *-yarlk
1272 dillybag *yarlkkic
1273 to follow behind, to hop like a kangaroo; to scurry, to scuttle *yarlqyarl-
1274 yabby *yarr
1275 song style *yarra/inti
1276 tree sp. *yarracan
1277 child *yaw-
1278 exclamation *-yaw
1279 to rustle *yawarr-
1280 girl *yawk
1281 yam sp. *yawok
1282 snake sp. *yawurral
1283 young man *yawurriny
1284 to itch *yay-
1285 cold weather *yekke
1286 large muscle on leg, flesh *-yel
1287 hole *yele
1288 yet, slow *yelek
1289 termite *yenyenq
1290 to be ashamed *yer-
1291 bird sp.; mopoke; kite *yerr/riny
1292 armlets *yerrel
1293 to pick up *yi-ka-
1294 happy; alive; gumption *yilk
1295 to have a tickle in the throat *yilyil-
1296 to set *yip-
1297 dillybag *yipalirr
1298 eyebrow *yipitcipit
1299 poison song *yira
1300 to strip off *yirr-
1301 owl sp. *yirramparn
1302 to pull, to drag *yirriny-ka-
1303 water rat *yirrkkup
1304 tree sp. *yirrppiny
1305 to pull *yirrq-
1306 to go a long way *yoc-
1307 to narrate, to tell a story; to recount; to converse *yolkyolk-
1308 feeling *yolq
1309 to talk *yolyol-
1310 tendon *-yon
1311 ground *yony
1312 to talk about *yorn-
1313 ahead, front *yungkay
1314 lightning; rain; Leichhardt's grasshopper [seen in wet season] *yurr
1315 to share *yurr-

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Harvey, Mark. 2003. An initial reconstruction of Proto Gunwinyguan phonology. In Evans, Nicholas (ed.), The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region, 205-268. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Vocabulary lists of Indo-Pacific languages
Papuan

p-Trans-New Guinea • p-Northern Adelbert • p-Sogeram • Bayono-Awbono • Paniai Lakes • Kolopom • Bulaka River • Pauwasi • p-South Bougainville • p-Lower Sepik • p-Watam-Awar-Gamay • p-Lakes Plain • p-North Halmahera • p-Timor-Alor-Pantar • p-Alor-Pantar • Tayap • Massep

Australian

North Australian (basic) • p-Nyulnyulan • p-Mirndi • p-Gunwinyguan • Limilngan • Umbugarla • Minkin • Tiwi • Malak-Malak • Pama-Nyungan • p-Pama-Nyungan • p-Arandic • p-Thura-Yura • p-Ngayarda

Others

p-Dravidian • Dravidian • Kusunda • Nihali • Kenaboi • p-Ongan