Appendix:Proto-Ngayarda reconstructions

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Proto-Ngayarda reconstructions:[1]

O'Grady (1966)

[edit]

Reconstructions of Proto-Ngayarda proposed by O'Grady (1966):

No. English gloss Proto-Ngayarda
101 emu *canku.n̩a
102 kookaburra *caru
103 arm, upper; elbow *ciḷi
104 big *ciḷi.ra
105 blunt; dull *cin̯t̯aṇ
106 east; north; east *ciŋka; *ciŋka.yi; ciŋka.rka
107 pelican *ciRu.ṇa
108 wait *cit̯ari-
109 eye *cita.mara
110 smoke *cucu
111 all *culu
112 to return *kaḷi.ñca.ri-
113 kidney *kaḷi.piri
114 to climb, rise *kaḷpa-
115 to carry *kaḷpa-(L)
116 tree *kaṇṭi
117 loose *kankal
118 knee *kaŋku
119 thicket *kara
120 hit *kata.ma-(L)-
121 mosquito *kumiṇ
122 brain *kuṇṭu¹
123 round *kuRu-kuRu
124 star *kuṭala
125 root *mal̯a
126 lazy; tired *maḷi
127 honey *maḷi.ya
128 good *maḷku.ra
129 knee *maṇpur
130 son *mañka
131 wing *mara
132 blood *mata
133 red *maṭa-maṭa
134 food *maṭu.miri
135 father’s father *mayi.ḷi
136 paperbark *miḷi
137 groin *miḷka
138 to lick *mila-(L)-
139 fingernail; toenail *milcu
140 semen *min̯a
141 by-and-by *miṇa.wara
142 to hit with a missile; to shoot *miṇṭil̄.(S)-(L)-
143 clitoris *miṇṭin
144 fingernail *miṇṭu
145 steal *muca-(L)-
146 cave *muli
147 back *muru
148 bite; drink *n̯an̯t̯a-(L)-
149 ground *n̯aṇu
150 hair, pubic *n̯añi
151 hair, pubic *ñalu
152 this *ñiya
153 loose; soft *ñulu
154 copulate with *ŋal̯a-(L)-
155 liver *ŋalka.Ri
156 liver *ŋama.ri
157 tobacco *ŋama.Ri
158 excrement; ground *ŋan̯t̯a
159 turtle *ŋaṭa.piri
160 star *ŋuku
161 kangaroo, grey *paci-wana.ra
162 break; come apart *paka-
163 rub *pal̯a.ma-(L)-
164 budgerigar; green *pal̯a.ra
165 kangaroo, red *palca.ri
166 winding; zigzag *paḷin.paḷin; paḷi.paḷi
167 creek bank; sandhill *pan̯t̯a
168 point of shoulder *parka.Ra
169 long time *paru.Ra
170 kneecap; pestle *paru.Ru
171 blow; hit *pata-(R-)-
172 feather *paṭu¹
173 turkey *paṭu.ra
174 green *pil̯u
175 grasshopper *pinpi.la
176 star *pinti.ri
177 food *piṇṭu
178 afternoon *piri.ŋka
179 thirsty *piya
180 ax *pulpur
181 smoke *puḷkuṇ
182 ahead; first *puḷu.Ra
183 deep; hole *puṇṭa
184 full of holes *puṇṭa-puṇṭa
185 by-and-by *purpa
186 hairstring *puru.Ru
187 sea *puRi.ya
188 head *put̯a
189 chest *puṭu
190 hit *t̯a-(L)-
191 rib *t̯ampi
192 food; greedy *t̯apat̯a
193 send *t̯aya-(L)-
194 spear it *t̯uukut̯a-(L)-
195 head *t̯uRu
196 big *t̯uta
197 wind *t̯uṭa
198 kangaroo rat *wacu.wara
199 opossum *walki
200 heel *waḷa¹
201 lie (prevaricate) *waḷa.waŋka-
202 lightning *waḷi.piṭi
203 womb *waḷka
204 snake *waḷu
205 long *wana.ra
206 bee *wanpa.Ri
207 tree *waṇṭa
208 fat; grease *waṇṭu; ŋaṇṭu
209 hear *wañapa.ri-
210 dog *wañca
211 throat *waŋkar
212 crow *waŋki.ṇa
213 eaglehawk *wari.ṭa
214 far *warpa
215 black; night *waru
216 ghost; spirit *waru.ka
217 night *waru-kaṭi
218 morning; tomorrow *waru-ŋka-mu
219 flying fox *waRa.muru.ŋka
220 yoke *wiḷka.Ra
221 many *win̯t̯a
222 run *winpa-
223 wind *wirpi
224 saliva; spit *wit̯a
225 see *wiya-(L)-
226 thigh *wulu
227 south; west *wuḷu.cu
228 river *wuntu
229 tongue *yal̯u.Ru
230 lick *yal̯u-ṇṭa-(L)-
231 weak *yalu.yalu
232 sun *yaṇṭa
233 far *yarka
234 alone; one *yika
235 itch *yimil.cari-
236 rain *yuŋu
237 hair of head *yurkuṇ
238 *maŋa
301 rubbish **cala
302 soon **campa
303 lame; thigh **canta
304 old woman **caṇṭi.Ra
305 three **carku.ṭi
306 blind; old woman **caṭa
307 egg **cimpu
308 fat; grease **cinci
309 Willy Wagtail **ciri.ciri
310 smoke **cukuṇ
311 old man **culu
312 ashes **cuṇpa
313 brother, older **kaca
314 mother’s brother **kaka
315 fire; tree **kaḷa
316 creek; root **kaḷka
317 empty; hungry **kamu
318 mother’s mother **kan̯t̯a.ri
319 cry; tears **kaṇṭa-
320 skin **kaṇu
321 have; hold; keep **kañi-(L)-
322 father’s mother **kapa.ḷi
323 butterfly **kapa.ḷi.pa.ḷi
324 skin **kapuṇ
325 summer; sun **karpu
326 kookaburra **karu.palkan
327 bitter; salt **kaRi
328 pierce **kaṭa-(L)-
329 cheek; jaw; temple **kaṭa.Ra
330 one **kaya.nu
331 come here! **kuka.yi
332 ear **kuli.Ra
333 hear **kuli.ya-(L)-
334 louse **kulu
335 ear **kuḷka
336 hair of head **kuḷku.Ra
337 narrow **kuḷpaṇ
338 hot; summer **kuḷu
339 face **kumpa
340 smoke **kuṇku
341 daughter **kuṇṭal
342 milk **kuṇṭu²
343 one **kuñci
344 dew **kupi.la
345 small **kupu
346 Pleiades **kuri.kuri
347 south **kuRi.la
348 short **kuta
349 dead **kutu
350 now; today **kuwa.ri
351 tired; weak **mal̯il.cari-
352 middle **mal̯u
353 middle digit/sibling **mal̯u.ṭa
354 sick **mala.ra
355 hard **mankar
356 meat **mantu
357 buttocks; excrement **maṇa
358 mark **maṇi
359 stone **maṇṭa
360 nest **maŋka
361 doctor **mapaṇ.kara
362 brother, younger **marka.Ra
363 many **maRu
364 right hand **maya
365 egg; testicles **mica
366 blood **mici
367 ant, black **miŋa
368 branch **miRi
369 big **mita.ḷi
370 no, not **miṭa
371 old man **miṭa.n̯a
372 dingo; dog **muci
373 cooked; dead; meat; ripe **mula
374 pregnant **muḷku
375 cold; winter **mut̯u
376 cool; evening **mut̯u-mut̯u
377 run **muṭi-
378 this **n̯aˑ
379 cold **n̯aka
380 nape **n̯anka
381 mouth **n̯ara
382 ankle; elbow **n̯uku
383 dead **n̯uṇṭi¹
384 this **n̯uṭu; n̯uṇu
385 slow **ñaṇi
386 rib **ñimi
387 we du excl **ŋali.ya
388 belly **ŋaḷu
389 neck **ŋal̞i
390 a sore **ŋaṇṭa
391 we pl incl **ŋañcu
392 mother **ŋaŋka
393 lie (recline) **ŋari; ŋarpi-
394 person **ŋaya.ṭa
395 he; that **ŋun̯a; ŋun̯al; ŋun̯u
396 armpit **ŋuna
397 he; that **ŋuṇa
398 arm, lower **paci
399 formerly **pala
400 he; that **palu; paṇu-
401 clear space; plain **paḷka.ra
402 sky **paḷpar
403 cliff; creek bank; stone **paḷu
404 sit; stay **panti-
405 sit **paṇi-
406 water **papa
407 shiver **para.para.ri-
408 leaf **parka
409 star **paṭa.Ra
410 dry; river **picu
411 marrow **piḷpu
412 clitoris; vagina **pila
413 red **pila.ri
414 saw; scrape; strike (a match) **pirpi-(L)-
415 cockatoo, white **piṭi.ra
416 heart **pula.ṭa
417 tobacco plug **puḷku
418 desirous **puḷpi
419 go **puni-
420 dew; rainbow **puñcan
421 four; three **purku
422 heart **puRi
423 sandhill **puwa.ḷa
424 pet; tame; totem **t̯alu
425 food **t̯a.nuwa
426 enter; set **t̯arpa-
427 bury; closed **t̯aṭa.(S)-(L)-
428 fruit; sweet food **t̯uku.ṭa
429 small **t̯umpa
430 anus **t̯umpu
431 laugh **t̯uṇi-
432 down (inside); inside **t̯uṇu.ŋka
433 ground **t̯uŋka
434 correct; honest; straight; true/truth **t̯urkuḷ
435 snake **t̯uru
436 sister, older **t̯uṭu
437 return; turn **waka.ṭa.ri-
438 armpit **waku
439 crow **waˑku.ra
440 leaf; lungs **wal̯aṇ
441 eaglehawk **waḷa.ṭu
442 spearthrower **waḷpa.ra
443 bad **wali
444 alive; half-cooked; raw; uncooked **wanka
445 elbow; mill, upper **waṇku
446 hit **waṇpi-(L)-
447 penis; tail **waṇṭi
448 healthy; well **wapa
449 grass **warapa
450 fly (insect) **wara.Ri
451 look for **wat̯a.ri-
452 east; north **waṭaḷ
453 woman **waṭi.ra
454 fear; frighten **waya.(S)-(L)-
455 moon **wila.ra
456 cut **wiṇṭa-(L)-
457 full **wiña
458 play **wiri.(S)-
459 climb **wiṭa-
460 shield **wuṇṭa
461 emu **yali.piri
462 log; winnowing dish; yandying dish **yanti
463 north; west **yapul
464 north; sea breeze; west; westward **yapu.ru
465 by-and-by **yaṭi
466 now; today **yica-la
467 new **yica-ŋuRu
468 name **yini
469 charcoal **yinka
470 ashes **yipa
471 afternoon **yuka
472 dog **yuku.ru
473 camp; ground **yuḷu
474 noon; summer; sun **yura
601 left hand **campu
602 beard **capu.ṭa
603 foot **cina
604 east **kaka.ra
605 burn **kampa-
606 above; up **kanka
607 fish **kapi
608 stand **kari-
609 urine **kumpu
610 excrement **kuna
611 spear **kurca.ṭa
612 eye; seed **kuRu
613 bone **kut̯i
614 father **mama
615 buttocks; hipbone **mila
616 nose **minta
617 clever; knowing **mi.ṇu
618 spearthrower **miru
619 face; nose **mul̯a
620 eat **muŋka-(L)-
621 anthill **muŋku
622 spouse **n̯upa
623 sit **ñina-
624 drink; eat **ŋa-(L)-
625 what; who **ŋana
626 we pl excl **ŋana.ṇa
627 what; who **ŋani
628 beard **ŋaṇka
629 cry **ŋat̯i-
630 mother **ŋat̯i
631 throw **ŋayi-(L)-
632 fire **ŋuca
633 camp **ŋura
634 bite; drink; eat **paca-(L)-
635 blind; sleep **pampu
636 smell **paṇṭi-(L)-
637 spinifex **paRu
638 breast; mother **pipi
639 bad; fire; rotten **puka
640 drink; swim **pun̯t̯a-(L)-
641 fall **puŋka-
642 pull **puri-(L)-
643 fire **t̯ama
644 mouth **t̯aRa
645 eye **t̯uḷa
646 where **wan̯t̯a
647 leave it; put **wan̯t̯a-(R)-
648 fall **waṇi-
649 language **waŋka
650 speak **waŋka-
651 east **yacu
652 alike **yiñca.Ra
653 path; road **yiṭi.ya
701 two **kut̯a.ra
702 pick it up; take **ma-(N)-
703 hand **maRa
704 see **n̯a.ku-
705 you **ñin.ta
706 you du **ñu.palu; ñum.palu
707 you pl **ŋu.ra
708 we du incl **ŋa.li
709 I **ŋa.yi; ŋa.t̯a
710 hit **pu-(NG)-
711 tongue **t̯a.lañ
712 go **ya-(N)-
713 mouth; tooth **yira
714 give **yu-(NG)-
801 sun **ciṇṭu
802 nape **ciṭan
803 foot **cuka.ra
804 moon **curki.ṭa
805 emu **kacalpu
806 smoke **kacu
807 north; northeast **kanim.para
808 wind **kaṇa.ra
809 wrinkle **kaṇpi
810 dog **kapa.ḷa
811 west **kaRa
812 hard; slip **kaRar
813 far **kat̯a
814 man; person; wife; woman **kaṭu
815 egg; testicles **kukul
816 one; together **kuma
817 bone **kuñca
818 asleep **kupa.l̯a
819 magpie **kurpa.ṭuṭu
820 eyeball; pupil **kuRu.r
821 alone; ebb tide; lonely; one; sea **kut̯u.ŋuru
822 head **maka
823 long **maka.nu
824 shade **malu
825 return **maḷa.ki-
826 man; person **maḷpa
827 give; hand **mañar.ka
828 sacred stones **mapaṇ
829 snake **mil̯u.Ra
830 chest **mirpu
831 cloud; mislaid **mucu
832 knee **muṭi
833 tail **n̯uṇṭi²
834 kill **n̯uṇṭi¹-ma-(L)-
835 nose **ñiŋku.ḷu
836 crazy; forget; heedless **ŋawaṇ
837 moon; shine **pan̯a-(L)-
838 head; reef **paṇa
839 hot **parpa
840 one; other **paṭu²
841 cave; hole; mountain; star; stone **piḷi
842 shine; twinkle **pinpa-
843 beach; sand, white **piṇṭi.Ri
844 a sore **pita
845 eye; star **piṭa
846 bend; stoop **pupa-
847 smoke; spinifex **puyu
848 carry; grasp; hand; take **t̯aka-(L)-
849 mother’s father **t̯ami
850 they **t̯ana
851 tremble **t̯ankaṇ.ki.ci-
852 far; sea **t̯aṇa
853 back; carry on the back **t̯aṇa-
854 leave it; put **t̯u-(N)-
855 grave **t̯uŋka.Ri
856 dog **t̯ut̯u
857 push **t̯ut̯u-(L)-
858 animal; fish; meat; snake **waka.Ri
859 egg **waḷa²
860 wind **waḷpa
861 chest **waṇkaṇ
862 hair of head **warka.Ri
863 forehead **waṭa
864 no, not; nothing **waya
865 sinew; string **wici
866 wind **win̯t̯u
867 drink; water **wula
868 sun; woman **yaka.ra.ŋu
869 shield **yara
870 sky **yilka.Ri
871 elbow **yiḷku
872 sharp; sharpen **yiRi
873 foot; heel; metatarsus **yuku

References

[edit]
  1. ^ O'Grady, Geoffrey N. 1966. Proto-Ngayarda Phonology. Oceanic Linguistics 5: 71-130.
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