Appendix:Proto-Trans-New Guinea reconstructions

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search

The following Proto-Trans-New Guinea reconstructions are from Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström (2018: 141-146).

List

[edit]
body parts
arm, forearm *mbena
belly, internal organs *mundun
blood *ke(nj,s)a
bone *kondaC
brain *muk[V]
breast *amu
buttocks *simbi + modifier
cheek *mVkVm
claw, hand *sikal or *sakil
ear *kand(i,e)k[V]
excrement 1 [same as ‘guts’]
excrement 2 *ata
eye 1 (cf. egg 2) *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV
eye 2 *ŋg(a,u)mu
eye 3 *nVpV
fingernail *(mb,p)(i,u)t(iu)C
foot, lower leg *k(a,o)nd(a,o)[C]
forehead, head *mVtVna
guts, intestines, bowels *sim(i,u), *simbi
hair 1 *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]
hair 2, leaf *iti
head 1 *kV(mb,p)utu
head 2 *mVtVna
heart 1 (cf. belly, egg 2) *mundu-maŋgV
heart 2 *simu
heart 3 *kamu
knee *(ŋg,k)atuk
leg 1 *k(a,o)nd(a,o)[C]
leg 2, calf *kitu
liver *[ma]pVn
milk, sap *muk
mouth, teeth *maŋgat[a]
navel *simu + modifier
neck 1 *k(a,e)(nd,t)ak
neck 2, nape, side of *kuma(n,ŋ)[V]
nose *mundu
penis *mo
saliva *si(mb,p)at[V]
shoulder *kinV
skin *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu
testicles *walaka
tongue 1 *mbilaŋ
tongue 2 *me(l,n)e
tooth 1 (see mouth)
tooth 2 *titi
urine *[si]si, *siti, *pisi
kin terms
brother, older *[mb]amba
father *apa, *mbapa
grandparent *apus[i]
husband, man *ambi
mother, free form *am(a,i,u)
mother, bound form *na-
sibling, older *nan(a,i)
sibling, older same sex *[mb]amba
sister *aya
age-gender and other social categories
baby *ŋaŋa
boy *nV
man, husband *ambi
orphan, widow & child *mbeŋga-masi
woman, female *panV
birds, bird parts
bird 1 *n[e]i
bird 2 *yaka[i]
cassowary *ku[y]a
egg 1 *mun(a,e,i)ka
egg 2, fruit, seed *maŋgV
tail *a(mb,m)u
wing *mbutu
insects
butterfly *apa[pa]ta
fly *ŋgambu
louse *niman, *iman
mosquito *kasin
plants, plant parts
bark *ka(nd,t)ap[u]
casuarina *kal(a,i)pV
fruit, seed (cf. egg 2) *maŋgV
leaf 1, hair *iti
leaf 2 *sasak
root *kindil
sap, milk *muk
taro *mV
tree, wood *inda
inanimate world
ashes 1 *sumbu
ashes 2 *kambu-sumbu
ashes 3 *la(ŋg,k)a
cloud 1, sky *samb[V]
cloud 2 *ka(mb,p)utu
fire 1 *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p
fire 2 *inda
fire 3 *kambu
flame *mbalaŋ
ground 1 *man[a]
ground 2 *maka[n]
lightning, light *(mb,m)elak
moon 1 *takVn[V]
moon 2 *kal(a,i)m
morning *k(i,u)tuma + X
night *k(i,u)tuma
sand *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ
sky 1, cloud *samb[V]
thunder, sky 2 *kumut, *tumuk
smoke 1 *kambu(s,t)(a,u)
smoke 2 *kambu-la(ŋg,k)a
stone 1 *kamb(a,u)na
stone 2 *[na]muna
sun 1 *kamali
sun 2 *ketane
water 1 *ok[V]
water 2 *nok
wind 1 *kumbutu
wind 2, breeze *pinVm
artefacts
axe *tu
fence *wati
netbag 1 *kun
netbag 2 *at(i,u)
string, rope *asi
intangible cultural concepts
instructions, language, word, speech *mana
mind, thought *n(o,u)man
name 1 *imbi
name 2, who *wani
shadow, spirit *k(aw,o)nan
song, type of *saŋ
witchcraft *kum
independent pronouns (for subject, object, possessor)
1 singular *na
2 singular *ŋga
3 singular *ya
3 singular *wa
1 plural *ni, *nu
1 plural *ni
2 plural *ŋgi, *ki
1 dual *niLi, *nuLi
2 dual *ŋgiLi, *kiLi
3 dual *iLi
verbal suffixes marking person-number of subject
1 singular *-Vn
2 singular *-an
1 dual *-uL
2/3 dual *-iL
1 plural *-un
1 singular different subject *-pa
verbs
be (live, stay, sit) *mVna-
bite *s(i,u)-
blow *pu + verb
break *pa(ŋg,k)-
burn *nd(a,e,i)-
burn, light a fire *ki-
carry (on back, shoulder) *kak(i,u)-
come *me-
cook *andu-
cut, chop *tVk-
die *kumV-
do, make *ti-
dream *kina(mb,p)-
eat, drink *na-
fly, flutter *putu(putu)-
give *mV-
go 1 *pu-
go 2 *yata-
hit *tu-
know, hear, see *nVŋg-
laugh *ŋgiti (+ verb)
live, be, sit see ‘be’
put *(m,p)a(l,t)V-
say, speak *nde-
see, know, perceive *nVŋg-
shoot *tVmV-
sleep 1, lie down *kin(i,u)[m]
sleep 2 *p(e,i)t(e,i)o-
speak, talk *nde-
spit *kasipa-
stand *t(a,e,i)k[V]-
swell *su + verb
take *(nd,t)a-
tie *ndiŋga-, *ndaŋgi
turn (oneself) *mbuli[ki] + verb
urinate *X + *si- (urine + verb)
vomit *mVŋ[g]V ti-
adjectives
blue *muk[V]
cold *kukam(o,u)
dry *ŋgatata
full *t(o,u)k(i,u) ti-
heavy *kenda
long *k(o,u)t(u,i)p
new *kVtak
short *tumba
straight *tutu[tu]ku
conjunctions
and *ito
negatives
not *ma- (+ verb)
numerals
two *ta(l,t)(a,e)

References

[edit]
  • Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. →ISBN.

See also

[edit]
Vocabulary lists of Indo-Pacific languages
Papuan

p-Trans-New Guinea • p-Northern Adelbert • p-Sogeram • Bayono-Awbono • Paniai Lakes • Kolopom • Bulaka River • Pauwasi • p-South Bougainville • p-Lower Sepik • p-Watam-Awar-Gamay • p-Lakes Plain • p-North Halmahera • p-Timor-Alor-Pantar • p-Alor-Pantar • Tayap • Massep

Australian

North Australian (basic) • p-Nyulnyulan • p-Mirndi • p-Gunwinyguan • Limilngan • Umbugarla • Minkin • Tiwi • Malak-Malak • Pama-Nyungan • p-Pama-Nyungan • p-Arandic • p-Thura-Yura • p-Ngayarda

Others

p-Dravidian • Dravidian • Kusunda • Nihali • Kenaboi • p-Ongan