Appendix:Proto-North Halmahera reconstructions

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Proto-North Halmahera reconstructions:

Holton & Klamer (2018)

[edit]

The following proto-North Halmahera reconstructions are listed in Holton and Klamer (2018: 620-621).[1] All of the forms in Holton and Klamer are derived from Wada (1980).[2]

Note that where Wada write 'd', Holton & Klamer indiscriminately miscopy it as 'ḋ'. Additionally, many of the terms listed here as reconstructiona by Holton & Klamer were not described as such in Wada.

gloss proto-North Halmahera
back *ḋuḋun
bad *torou
bark *kahi
big *lamok
bite *goli
black *tarom
blood *aun
blow *hoa
blue *bisi
boil *sakahi
bone *koboŋ
brother *hiraŋ
burn *so(ŋa)ra
child *ŋopak
cloud *lobi
cold’ (1) *alo
cold’ (2) *malat
come *bola
count *etoŋ
cry *ores
cut *luit
dance *selo
die *soneŋ
dig *puait
dirty *pepeke
dog *kaso
dull *boŋo
ear *ŋauk
earth *tonak
eat *oḋom
egg *boro
eight *tupaaŋe
eye *lako
fall *ḋota
far *kurut
fat, grease *saki
father *baba
fear *moḋoŋ
feather *gogo
female *ŋopeḋeka
few *ucu
fight *kuḋubu
fire *uku
fish *nawok
five *motoha
float *bawo
flow *uhis
flower *leru
fly *sosor
fog *rasa
four *ihat
fruit *sopok
give *hike
good *loha
grass *ŋaŋaru
green *ijo
guts *toto
hair *hutu
hand *giam
head *sahek
hear *isen
heart *siniŋa
heavy *tubuso
hit *ŋapo
horn *taḋu
hot *sahuk
husband *rokat
kill *tooma
knee *puku
know *nako
lake *talaga
laugh *ḋohe
leaf *soka
left *gubali
leg/foot *ḋohu
lie *ḋaḋu
live *oho
liver *gate
long’ (1) *kurut
long’ (2) *teka
louse/flea *gani
male *naur
many *ḋala
meat *lake
moon *ŋoosa
mother *awa
mountain *tala
mouth *uru
nail *gitipir
name *roŋa
narrow *peneto
near *ḋumu
neck *toko
new *momuane
night *putu
nine *siwo
nose *ŋunuŋ
old *ŋowo
one *moi
person *ɲawa
pierce *topok
pull *lia
push *hito(si)
rain *muura
red *sawala
right *girinak
river *selera
roast *tupu
root *ŋutuk
rope *gumin
rotten *baka
round *pululun
rub *ese
salt *gasi
sand *ḋowoŋi
say *temo
scratch *rago
sea *ŋolot
see *kelelo
seed *gisisi
seven *tumuḋiŋi
sew *urit
sharp *ḋoto
shoot *ḋupu
short *timisi
sing *ɲaɲi
sister *biraŋ
sit *tamie
six *butaŋa
skin *kahi
sky *ḋipaŋ
sleep *kiolok
small *ece
smell *hame
smoke *ḋopo
smooth *maahi
snake *ŋihia
speak *bicara
spear *kamanu
spit *hobir
split *raca
stand *oko
star *ŋoma
stone *teto
straight *bolowo
suck *suyu
swell *ḋobo
swim *toboŋ
tail *pego
take, hold *aho
ten *mogiowok
thick *kipirin
thin *hina
think *fikiri < Arabic
three *saaŋe
throw *sariwi
tie *piriku
to dry *ḋuḋuŋ
tongue *akir
tooth *iŋir
tree *gota
true *tero
twenty *monohalok
two *sinoto
vomit *ŋunaŋ
walk *tagi
warm *sakuk
wash *boka
water *aker
way *ŋekom
wet *pesa
white *ares
wide *ŋohat
wife *peḋakat
wind *paro
wing *golipupu
wipe *piki
woods *poŋan
worm *kalubati
young *kiau

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2018). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 569–640. →ISBN.
  2. ^ Wada, Yuiti. "1980 Correspondence of consonants in North Halmahera languages and the conservation of archaic sounds in Galela.". In Ishige, Naomichi (ed.). The Galela of Halmahera: A Preliminary Survey. Osaka: Museum of Ethnology. pp. 497–527.
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