Appendix:Proto-Sogeram reconstructions

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The following Proto-Sogeram reconstructions are from Daniels (2015).

Daniels (2015)

[edit]

Daniels (2015: 360-392) reconstructs the following Proto-Sogeram forms.[1]

Proto-Sogeram Part of speech Gloss
*aia v. come.IMP
*akar n. chin
*akɨru n. sugar (Saccharum officinarum)
*aku n. sleep
*akwasa n. betelnut (Areca catechu)
*akwra v. carry away
*aman n. breast
*amɨr adv. yesterday
*ampa v. speak
*ampɨŋ n. wing
*ampɨta n. sleep
*ampra n. place, area
*amur adv. tomorrow
*anta, antɨ- v. do
*añɨr adv. two days away
*añɨkwrɨñ adv. day before yesterday
*aŋam n. collared brush-turkey (Talegalla jobiensis)
*aŋku n. throat
*aŋkwa v. cry out
*apapara n. butterfly
*apar n. mountain
*arɨka n. middle
*arɨN v. laugh
*arum adj. good
*asɨŋ n. leaf
*ataŋ adj. far
*atɨ n. what
*av n. fire
*i v. hold, carry
*iaka v. come up
*iaku, iakw- v. go up
*iaŋkum n. blood, red
*iau n. fish
*ika v. cut, chop
*ikakara n. chicken (Gallus gallus)
*ikuntɨ adv. morning
*iman n. louse
*impi n. name
*impɨnt adj. good
*impra v. act badly, (of food) go bad
*imu v. put in pot
*ina n. sun
*intar, intarɨ- v. hear, perceive
*intua adj. bad
*intua, intu- v. open
*iŋar n., adv. sun, day
*iŋka v. see, perceive
*iŋkɨn n. ground possum
*iŋkra v. split
*iŋkwa, iŋkw- v. give
*irɨka v. cry
*ipa v. come out, across
*ipa mɨŋka svc. appear (at)
*ipra v. hide (intr.)
*ipu v. go in
*ir, irɨ- v. turn, spin
*ir uara vac. exceed
*iran n. parrot species
*irañ n. sharpness, edge
*isa v. bite
*isaŋ n.inal. same-sex older sibling
*isi v. fetch water
*iui n.inal. nephew, niece
*-ivi n.inal. father’s younger brother
*ivra v. barter, exchange
*ivu v. hit
*kaiampra n. village
*kaiaŋki n. sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita)
*kaka v. tie, fasten
*kakri n. axe
*kamɨŋaua n. millipede
*kampa adv. together
*kampan n. jaw
*kamu n. fog, cloud
*kamura n. betel pepper (Piper betle)
*kansɨŋ n. festival decoration
*kanta adj., adv. true, very
*kantar n. shadow
*kanti n. sickness
*kanti n. body
*kañaŋ n. bone
*kaŋra v. run
*kap adv. just
*kapa n. bird
*kapra v. throw
*kapu v. carry
*kari n. betelnut (Areca catechu)
*kariv n. flying fox
*kasam n. breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
*kasɨñ n. sand
*kaur adj. unripe
*kaura n. loincloth
*-kav n.inal. mother’s brother
*kia n. speech
*kikra v. watch
*kiman n. firstborn male
*kimpañ n. saliva
*kimri adj. cold
*kina, kinakina adj. crooked
*kinaŋ n. axe
*kira n. fight
*kiuañ n. footprint
*kɨki adj. new
*kɨmi n. bow
*kɨmpar, kɨmparɨ- v. carry on shoulder
*kɨmparam n. eel
*kɨmu v. die
*kɨnta v. walk
*kɨntɨr n. root
*kɨña, kɨñɨ- v. stay
*kɨñakuŋ n. wattled brush-turkey (Aepypodius arfakianus)
*kɨñakw n. paint tree
*kɨñam adv. near
*kɨŋaN n. kind of arrow
*kɨpa v. get up
*kɨsar n. spear
*kɨvɨr n. night
*kɨvtiti adv. afternoon
*kra v. blow
*kra v. roast
*kuar n. garden
*kui v. shoot, pierce
*kuimaŋ n. coconut (Cocos nucifera)
*kukasa n. frog
*kukɨ n. sago grub (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)
*kukra v. grow, swell
*kuman n. arm, hand
*kumpin n. Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria)
*kumpɨ n. path
*kumpra v. take off, remove
*kumpru v. break (intr.)
*-kuna n.inal. sister of male ego
*kunaŋ n. plate
*kunsa n. yam (Dioscorea sp.)
*kuntar n. centipede
*kuŋka adj. yellow
*kuŋkiŋ n. whistle
*kuŋkɨ n. knot
*kuŋkra v. cook, boil
*kupra v. jump
*kur, kurɨ- v. plant, shoot
*kuram n. man
*kusai adv. first, before
*kut n. back
*kutaŋ adj. long
*kuyiv n. bird of paradise
*kwaka v. cut, chop
*kwɨmka n. stomach
*kwɨñaŋ n. palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus)
*kwɨŋkɨs n. armpit
*maka n. tooth
*maka adj. male
*maka v. pick (from plant)
*makam n. branch
*makin n. sago (Metroxylon sp.)
*manɨŋ n. banana (Musa sp.)
*mansɨn n. bowstring
*mantɨŋ n. side (of body)
*maŋka n. egg
*maŋkra v. pull
*mapa v. dig
*mapɨn n. liver
*mara v. call to (an animal)
*marɨk n. sorcerer
*maru v. handle
*mata v. paddle
*mavra n. crocodile
*mi n. thought
*mi tama vac. think
*mia n. sand
*mikuŋ n. brain
*mimpɨŋ n. ironwood tree (Intsia bijuga)
*mintaŋ, -minta n.inal. cross-cousin
*miŋra v. vomit
*mir n. tongue
*mira n. firelight
*mirkwa n. cordyline (Cordyline fruticosa)
*mita v. leave
*mɨkum n. cheek
*mɨni adv. later
*mɨnɨ n. hair
*mɨnta n. sword grass (Imperata cylindrica)
*mɨntɨ n., adj. blood, ripe
*-mɨŋ n.inal. mother
*mɨŋa v. get, hold
*mɨŋka v. come down
*mɨŋkɨn n. penis
*mɨŋkra v. cut
*mɨŋku, mɨŋkw- v. go down
*mɨraŋ n. mushroom
*mɨrɨm n. sap
*mɨta v. be full
*mɨti n. cough
*-mkam n.inal. mother
*-mku n.inal. nephew, niece
*-mp n.inal. daughter-in-law
*mu n. nose
*mu SPEC
*(mu) kɨm phrs. (a certain) thing
*muiam n. cassowary (Casuarius unappendiculatus)
*-muk n.inal. brother
*mukɨr n. white hair
*muku n. ball, round thing
*-mum n.inal. husband
*mumim n. earthquake
*muŋmi n. bee
*mut n. period of time
*-namp n.inal. daughter-in-law
*naŋkum n. neck
*naŋram n. frog
*naunti n. woman
*ña v. eat
*ña n. son
*ñama n.inal. same-sex younger sibling
*ñaŋkur n. mosquito
*ñaŋña n. food
*ñɨŋi adj., n. small, child
*-ñki n.inal. paternal grandfather
*-ŋti n.inal. father
*paka adv. only
*pam adj., adv. one, only
*pat n. center
*pia, pi- v. take
*-pɨki n.inal. paternal grandmother
*pɨm n. weight
*pɨntum n. stump
*pɨŋ n. buttress root
*pɨsa n. skin
*pɨta adj. wet
*pumpɨŋ n. sweat
*punsɨŋ n. bone
*-ra n.inal. same-sex younger sibling
*=rɨ- v. be
*sakai n. bamboo
*sampan n. shore
*sampaN n. pig
*saŋkam n. fight
*sar n. snake
*si n. place
*-si n.inal. same-sex older sibling
*siar n. starling (Aplonis sp.)
*sikɨñ adv. three days away
*simpirɨm n. navel
*sɨ n. smoke
*sɨ- v. do
*sɨka n. piece
*sɨkan, sɨkansɨkan adv. completely
*-sɨki n.inal. maternal grandfather
*sɨkra v. break (intr.)
*sɨku adv. very
*sɨmpɨ n. mouth
*sɨntaŋ n. fat
*sɨntia, sɨnti- v. close
*sɨŋki n. pot
*sɨrɨvɨr adj. straight
*sɨs n. grass, hair
*sɨv n. family
*su n. feces
*sukan n. reed sp.
*sumɨñ n. vine
*suntɨ n. spirit
*sura n. forest
*tai v. go up
*taka v. tear
*takam n. vulva
*takun n. moon
*takwɨ n. snake
*tam n. tail
*tama v. put
*tamkan n. eye
*tampa n. stone
*tampra v. distribute
*tantam n. leg, foot
*taŋkwa, taŋkw- v. sharpen
*taŋkwa, taŋkw- v. step on
*taŋkwa tama- svc. stand
*tar n. tree
*tauka v. buy
*ti v. become
*tintɨ n. star
*tɨka v. peel, detach
*tɨki v. fill
*tɨku, tɨkw- v. look, see
*tɨkwɨ n. area under
*tɨm n. piece
*tɨmpu v. tie
*tɨŋkɨñ adj. black
*tɨpa v. fear, be afraid
*tua, tu- v. burn (intr.)
*tutɨm n. salt
*ua, u- v. go, say
*uaka adv. maybe
*umai n. bean
*umpaŋ n. heart
*uŋkam adj. white
*upri n. dog
*ura v. call out
*uram n. house
*urir n. parrot species
*uvia n. morning star
*-v, -vɨ n.inal. mother’s brother
*-vai n.inal. maternal grandmother
*vai- v. come
*-van n.inal. father
*vaŋan n. bag
*vaŋka n. leaf
*vim n. sore
*viŋkau n. mist
*vɨka v. slice, cut
*vɨkara v. finish
*vɨku v. burst
*vɨr n. ground, land
*vɨr kama vac. dawn
*vɨr, vrɨ- v. scratch
*vumra v. fly
*vVkra v. look for

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Daniels, Don. 2015. A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram Phonology, Lexicon, and Morphosyntax. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.
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