Appendix:Proto-Nupoid reconstructions

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The following lists of Proto-Nupoid reconstructions are from Bankale (2006) and Blench (2013).

Bankale (2006)

[edit]

Proto-Nupoid and Proto-Ebiroid reconstructions from Bankale (2006: 354-361):[1]

Gloss Proto-Nupoid Proto-Ebiroid
ashes *V-tuNu *a-tɪtɔ
ask *gbigɔN *fusetʃe
axe *CV-gbakuN *ɪra-ga
bag *a-mpo
bat *arɪ-ga
beans *V-zʊ *ɛ-za
beat (person) *lhu *tu
beat (drum) *nc *fu
bee *phu *ɛ-fʊ
beer/wine *e-ce *e-ʧe
belly (stomach) *ɪ-nɛ
bird *CV-luki *i-nomi
bite *dʒɪrɛrʊ
black *o-zi *dʒiko
blood *V-giə *aɲa
blow (with mouth) *gbhiə *kʊahɪ
blow (of wind) *tiə *tʊ
boat (canoe) *e-ja *ɛ-kpa
body *nɔkɔ *ɛ-ŋʷʊ
bone *CV-kiukuNu *ʧʊku
break (stick) *ʧe
break (pot/calabash) *ɓa *tiaka
breast(s) *rɪ-ɓe *ɪrɛ-ba
buffalo *ə-ja *ɛ-ja
burn tr. *diuNa *rɪra
buy *si *ʃi
call v. *ji *ʃɪ
catch *wɔNa *za
charcoal *(e)-zuN *a-remi
chicken (domestic fowl) *pitie *V-ʃɪʊɛ
climb *gʊNʊ *ʃirɛ
cold v. *V-fuefu
come *ɓe *bɛ
cook *du *fʊ
corpse *V-ku *o-ku
cotton/thread *lhuN *o-wu
count *ba *ka
cover (a pot) *kpe *kuoku
crab *ka(ra)pu *V-kakara
crocodile *a-gʊgʊ
dance v. *jiəN *ɲɛɲɛ
descend *ci *tʃi
desire (want) *wa *si
die *tiu *su
dig *gba *gba
divide/share out *giəNa *ga
dog *ire-zi
donkey *kɛ́tɛ́kɛ́tɛ́
dream *nana *rʊra
drink *phiNi *fu
dry *kawiə *ɔ-wɛ
dust *e-bhu *e-dudu
ear *CV-tuNukpua *ʊ-tɔkpa
eat *gi *rɪ
egg *CV-ziə *a-dʒɛ
elephant *CV-dagba *ɔ-dɔgba
extinguish *nuN *mi
eye *e-wie *e-ji
fall v. *sɛdʊ
farm *ɪra-rɛ
father *V-da *a-da
feces *CV-biNi *e-mi
fear n. *ə-diəNsu *a-ŋwaʃɪ
fear v. *dəNa *a-ŋʷaʃɪ
female *jiNko *ɔ-ɲɛnɛ
fetish *kuti *ɪra-fɪɔnɔ
fifty *ɛ-barɛʊ
finish *zo *ta
fire *ə-na *ɪ-ra
firewood *cigbəN *ɔ-kʊ
fish *V-jiəkɔN *iseɲi
five *CV-tiuNu *ɛ-ʃɪ
fly *fʊ *ʃɪra
food *ɪ-sɔrɪ *e-die
four *gi-niə *ɛ-na
friend *ɔ-ta
fry *kana *wara
full *tse *V-ʃi
give *giə *sɪ
give birth *mə *ma
go v. *lo *na
goat *ə-na (gi) *ɛ-bʊ
god *siəkəji *ɪ-ʃɪnɛgba
good *gbhiə *-zoza
grass *e-gbhə *a-bɪ
grind *go *kʊ
grinding stone *a-takuN *ire-tɔkʊ
ground *V-kiNi *ɛ-tɛ
groundnut *guzija *V-kusije
guest (stranger) *ɔ-zɔga
guinea corn *V-wiji *a-kʊ
hair *V-tiɲi *ɛ-jɪ
hand *CV-gbhʊɔ *ʊ-bɔ
head *CV-tiuko *ɪrɛ-sʊ
hear *wʊ *wʊ
horse *V-doko *V-baNta
hot (as fire) *-niəN *ŋʷʊra
house piN *ire-ʃi
house fly *CV-ziNi *i-si-
hunger *mɛNdɛN *ʊ-ŋʊɛ
hunter *nc *o-(zu)gbe
husband *V-ba *ɔ-ba
in-law *je *ɔ-jɛ
iron *jɔNkpa *ɔ-ɲisɛ
jump *fu *dʒi
kill *wu *wʊ
king/chief *o-tiu *o-ʃɪnɔjɪ
knife *ə-biə *ʊ-fʊɔ
know *kpe *jɛ
kola nut *e-bi *ɪrɛ-bʊ
laugh v. *mətiəN *ɲɪ
leaf *CV-fiNit- *a-bɪ
learn *kpe *kɔsɛ
left (side) *-gbhʊɔpiNi *u-bɔfa
leg *pitiə *a-fu
leopard *nəNkpiəN *ɛ-zʊ
lie down *le *sʊtʊ
to like *je *sire
look for *wiə *si
long *wuNakpa *ɔ-gɔdɔ
maize *kaba *a-kpa(kpa)
make *gi *mɛ
man *baghi *ɔ-nɔrʊ
market *CV-giəNiko *o-fu
matchet *CV-da *tokofi
meat *u-je
medicine/charm *cigbe *ɪra-fɔnɔ
monkey *ə-kana *ɔ-ntʃɛrɛ
moon *ə-pɪə *ʊ-hʷɛ
mortar *i-ne
mountain *a-taba
name *CV-jɛ *ɪrɛ-ʃa
navel *CV-kə *ɪra-dʒɛ
neck *ɔ-gbɛ
needle *V-kini *ɔ-rɪhɪ
new *wo *ɔ-wɔwɔ
night *ɪra-fʊ
nose *V-bhʊə *a-ʃɪ
oil *ə-mɪ *a-ŋʷɛ
okra *ə-kpɔNi *ɛ-kpɛfu
one *CV-nhi *ɔ-ɲi, ɔ-ɲa
pass by *gogɔN *pa(ra)fu
pepper *(a)-jakpa *a-kpɔkɔ
person *ə-za *ɔ-za
plait (chair) *tsiNi *za
pound *tiu *tu
pull *tʊra
push *tiu *tuʊvɔ
rainy season *zuN *ɪrɛ-sʊ
red *o-vivi
refuse *nabho *ji
return *zi *mɛ
remember *pa *tamajɪ
right (side) *-gɓɔ- *ʊ-bɔrɪ
roast *po *fʊ
robe (gown), man’s smock *V-wu *a-rʊɔbaɲi
root *CV-gbəgbə *ɛ-kpa
rope *e-gbhɔ *o-rukpa
be rotten *a-buo *bʊ
rubbish heap *tuNu *ire-tu
run *gbhiti *zuetʃi
saliva *minikini *a-tɛ
salt *V-səN *a-nɔ
say (something) *giə *karɛ
send *tuNu *tʊ
sea *ire-fu
seed *V-tʊtʊ
sell *kuNu *na
sew *kiN *gɛ
shoe *CV-dabua *ɪ-dava
shoot *tsie *ʧe
sing *ko+ani *dʒi
sit down *fedu *jatʊ
skin *ə-pa *u-kpa
sleep *lhelhe *sʊara
small *ɓiɓi *kiiki
smoke *V-nɔwu *are-ji
snail *V-kpa *-kɔkɔrɪ
snake *CV-wa *ɛ-wu
song *ə-niəN *a-ʃɛ
soup *e-niəN *ɛ-kpɛ
sow (seeds in holes) *ʧire
steal *wi *ji
stick *cigbiə *ɔ-tʃɪ
stone *o-kuta *ɪrɛ-ta
strong *gbhokana *ʊ-kata
sun/sunshine *ji *ɔ-jɪ
surpass *gɔN *fʊna
swallow *miNi *mʊnɛ
swell (of boil) *wu
sweep *fiN- *ʃi
sweet *mɔNʊ *ʃine
tail *tiəNtiə *o-mu
take (one thing) *la *sɪ
ten *CV-wo *ɛ-wʊ
thigh *gbʊodɪNko *u-siji
thing *V-jɔN *ɪ-sa
thirty *o-furɛwʊ
thorn *ə-kiə *i-kehi
three *gu-ta *ɛ-ta
throw *cie *ne
tie *pa *sʊ
tongue *a-giNtara *ɪra-rɛ
tooth *jiNkɔN *a-ɲɪ
touch (with hand) *lagɓato *(yubɔ) kani
town *ə-zi *ɪrɛ-kʊra
tree *V-cigbɔNa *ɔ-tʃɪ
twenty *e-tsi *o-fu
two *gu-ba *e-ba
untie *lə *ŋʷa
vomit *tu *huɛrɛ
vulture *(V)-gulu *u-gba
walk *diəziəN *zʊsɛ
wash (things) *nɪna
water *nuNŋʷa *e-ɲi
water pot *diukhuN *ɪ-nɔkɔ
weave v. *lu *ʃɪ
wet *da *o-fuɛfu
white *bʊ *ɔ-bʊ
wife *jiNi *ʊ-sɪ
wind *-phe *a-ʃe
wine/beer (general word) *ə-die *e-tʃe
woman *jiNiko *ɔɲɛnɛ
word *CV-kɔ *ɪrɛ-jɪ
work n. *e-tuNu *-kɔrɔ
wring (clothes) *pɪə *kama
yam *V-ti *ɛ-nʊ
year *ə-ja *ɪra-je

Blench (2013)

[edit]

The following Proto-Nupoid reconstructions are from Blench (2013).[2]

Gloss Proto-Nupoid
tree *ɔ́ʧĩ́
leaf #avini
charcoal *ekana
sand *mu-ʒin
smoke *àmʷú
fire *n-ra
wind *efè
rain *ègbã
to sharpen *rɛ́
elephant *-dogba
buffalo *ɛ̀ya; *ʊ̀-fá (?)
Dioscorea guineensis *iti
Colocasia esculenta (cocoyam) *-koko
Sorghum bicolor (guinea corn, sorghum) *àkwʊ́
one *ɔ̀ɲɪ
three *ɛ̀tá
four *ɛ̀ɲi
five *ɛ̀tsun
six *twaɲi
seven *ǹtwaba
ten *ɛ̀bwʊ́n

Some Proto-Nupe-Gbari crop name reconstructions are (Blench 2013):

Gloss Proto-Nupe-Gbari
Pennisetum americanum (long-season millet) *màkwú
Pennisetum americanum (short-season millet) *sàkwú; *kpàyì
Digitaria exilis *-furu

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bankale, Oyetayo Abiodun. 2006. Comparative Ebiroid and Nupoid. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ibadan.
  2. ^ Blench, Roger. 2013. The Nupoid languages of west-central Nigeria: overview and comparative word list.
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