Appendix:Proto-Central Khoisan reconstructions

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The following list of Proto-Central Khoisan reconstructions is from Baucom (1974).

List

[edit]
English gloss Proto-Central Khoisan
afraid *!’au
alone *ǀui
and *e
to answer *oe
arm *+’õã
arrow *ǂ’aa
ashes *dʐao
to ask *tẽ
bad *thu
bark *sorV
big *kae
bird *dʐera
to bite *ga
black *ǂnuu
blood *ǀ’ao
to blow (1) *!um
to blow (2) *xãĩ
body *ǀkx’ao
bow *ten
bow string *ǁ’aba
boy (1) *kx’aro
boy (2) *ǀoa
to break *kõã
breast (1) *sam
breast (2) *pii
buffalo *ǀao
to burn *dhau
buttock *tsi
to carry *tane
to catch (1) *!xoo
to catch (2), fetch, take *se
to chew *ǁai
child *ǀoa
chin *!ani
to clap hands *ǁ’am
to climb *!’aba
cloud *ǀhom
to be cold *+xei
to come *ha
to cook *tsãĩ
to cut *!ao
to dance (1) *ǀkx’ii
to dance (2) *ǂnaa
day, sun *ǀam
to die *ǁ’o
to dig *khao
to do, make (1) *kuru
to do, make (2) *hĩ
dog *aba
to drink *kx’a
to dwell, live *ǁ’an
ear *ǂae
to eat *ǂ’ũ
egg
eland *du
elephant *ǂxoa
to enter *ǂã
excrement *thu
eye *ǂxai
face *kx’ai
to be fat *kau
father (2) *ǁu
father (1) *ba; *aba
female *ǁae
to fight *ǁ’ã
fire *ǀ’ae
to flee *!xue
fly (1) *eni
fly (2) *dhoe
to forget *ǀ’uru
four *haka
from *xu
gemsbok *ǀkx’oo
giraffe *!nabe
to give *ma
to go, walk *!ũ
to go out *ǂkx’oa
good *!an
grass *ǀã
grease, fat *ǁnui
green *!’am
to grow *kae
hair (1) *ǀxũ
hair (2) *ǂuun
hand *tsau
hartebeest *ǁxama
he *+aib
head (1) *ǀu
head (2) *mhaa
to hear (1) *tse
to hear (2) *ǁnãũ
to hear (3) *kum
heart *ǂao
hippopotamus *!kx’oa
honey *dani
horn *ǁnaa
hot *ǀam
to hurt *thũ
hut, house (1) *+nu
hut, house (2) *kx’om
I (masculine) *tire
I (feminine) *tita
jackal *ǀiri
to kill *lam
knee *!uru
to know *ǂ’an
kudu (1) *xei
kudu (2) *doa
land, earth *!nu
to leave *xu
left (side) *ǁae
leg, thigh *tẽ
leopard *!ue
to lie down *ǁoe
lion *xam
little *!kx’ari
to live *ǁ’an
liver *kx’ai
lungs *soo
man *kx’au khoe
master *ǀhũ
meat, flesh (1) *kx’oxo
meat, flesh (2) *ǁani
melon *thama
milk *pii
to milk *ǀkx’ao
moon *+nwe
mother *ae
mouth *kx’am
mud *ǂkx’oa
nail, fingernail *ǁkx’oro
name *ǀkx’on
near *ǀu
neck (1) *!’au
neck (2) *dhom
night *thuxu
nose *ǂuii
not *tama
not to know *ǀ’uu
of (possessive suffix) *dhi
old *kae(de)
one *ǀui
to open *ǁxoba
ostrich (1) *ǀaro
ostrich (2) *ǀ’ami
palm of hand *tsau
path, road *dhau
person *khoe
poison *!an
porcupine *!noe
to pull *ǂai
quiver *!uru
to rain *tu
to rest *sã
rhinoceros *!naba
right (side) *kx’au
to rise (of the sun) *!kx’ua
rock, stone (1) *+noa
rock, stone (2) *ǀ’ui
rope, snare *!xui
round *!ubu
salt *dabe; *debe
sand *xum
sandal, shoe *+nabo
to say *mi
to see *mũ
to seize, catch *!xoo
to set (of the sun) *ǂa
to shoot *ǁxau
to shut *ǀ’um
sinew *ǁ’aba
to sing *ǂnai
to sit *ǂnu
skin *khoo
to sleep *ǁkx’om
small *ǀa(ri)
to smell *ham
smoke *ǀkx’an
snake *ǀkx’ao
soil *xum
sun *ǀoa
spear *ǂxau
springbok *!xai
to stand *the
star (1) *ǀkx’aini
star (2) *ǂkx’aonu
steinbok *!xai
to suck *pii
to swallow *thom
to swell *xãĩ
tail *tsau
to talk, say *kx’wi
that *ǁna
there *ǁna
they (masculine) *+u
they (feminine) *di
they (common) *na
thing *xuu
this *ǀne
thorn *ǁxam
thou (masculine) *tsa
thou (feminine) *sa
three *!noona
throat *dhom
to tie up *!ai
time *ǁ’ae
tomorrow *uka
tongue *dham
tooth *ǁõõ
tree *zei
two *ǀam
urine *ǀkx’am
veld *ǂaa
to want *ǂao
to wash *ǁkx’aa
water (1) *tsaa
water (2) *ǁami
we (masculine) *+ai
we (feminine) *se
we (common) *tia
werf *ǁ’ai
wet *ǀkx’am
white *!’u(ri)
who? *dei
wildebeest (blue) *ǀae
wing *ǁabo
to work *sĩsẽn
worm *ǂkx’oni
year *kuri
yesterday *tua
you (masculine, pl.) *+ao
you (feminine, pl.) *sao
you (common, pl.) *tu
zebra (1) *bize
zebra (2) *kuaxa

References

[edit]
  • Baucom, Kenneth L. 1974. Proto-Central-Khoisan. In Voeltz, Erhard Friedrich Karl (ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on African linguistics, 7-8 April 1972, 3-37. Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University.
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