Appendix:Proto-Agaw reconstructions

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The following list of Proto-Agaw reconstructions is from Appleyard (2006: 153-158).

List

[edit]
Gloss Part of speech Proto-Agaw Proto-Northern Agaw
stranger, guest n *ʔäbən-
father n *ʔäbb-a
master, lord n *ʔädär-[a]
uncle n *ʔäg-
tomorrow adv *ʔämär-
believe vt *ʔämn-
I pron *ʔän/ʔan
grandfather n *ʔän-
girl n *ʔänq-/ʔənq-
be enough vi *ʔäq-[t-]
grain, cereals n *ʔär-
moon, month n *ʔärb-/?ärf-
other n *ʔäri-/?äli-/?əli-
know vt *ʔärq-
who pron *ʔäw-
curse vt/n *ʔəc-
blow vi *ʔəfy-
hail, ice n *ʔəɣaɣ-
bear, beget children vt *ʔəywVr-
eye, spring n *ʔəl-
this pron *ʔən[a]-
tie, bind vt *ʔəncäw-
mouse, rat n *ʔəncəw-a
send vt *ʔəncaq-
boy! n.voc *ʔənfa
boy, girl n *ʔənfa-ta
back, rear n *ʔəngər-a
breast n *ʔəngʷ-/?angʷ-
undo, untie vt *ʔənk-
soul n *ʔənk-[dr]- ?
leech n *ʔənk-a
love, like vt *ʔənkan-
put, place, set down vt *ʔənkʷər-
we pron *ʔənn-
wash vt *ʔənqa-s-
cough vi/n *ʔə[n]qʷ- [+]
ear n *ʔənqʷ-
fill vt *ʔənsaɣ-
you (sg.) pron *ʔənt-
come vi *ʔənt-[ät-] < PA *- Vnt-
you (pl.) pron *ʔəntən-
you, your (pl.) pron.obl. *ʔənta-
be full vi *ʔəntaɣ-
bite vt *ʔəŋ-
child n *[?ə]qʷər-a
laugh vi *ʔəqʷa- [+]
be small, few vi *ʔəqʷt-
possessions, goods, things n *ʔəräkʷ-
tears n *ʔərəŋʷ-
ploughshare n *ʔərban-/?ərfan-a
tooth n *ʔərkʷ-
do, make vt *ʔəs-
nose n *ʔəsVn-
small, little adj *ʔətən-
give vt *ʔəw-
father n *ʔəxər-/ʔaxər-
man, person n *ʔəxir-
woman, wife n *ʔəxwin-/?əxwən-a
wide adj/n *ʔəzan-
head n *ʔaɣʷär-
be vi *ʔak-/?äx-
grey hair n *ʔak-ät-
year n *ʔamät-
mountain, high place, top vi *ʔamb-[a]
five num *ʔankʷ-a
inside n *ʔanq-
yesterday adv *ʔanʒəŋ-/?ənʒəŋ-
know vt *-aq-/?aq-
water n *ʔaqʷ-
fish n *ʔas-a
skin n *ʔax-[a]
drought, dry n/adj *ʔiz-
female adj *ʔus-äti
lack, not have vt *b-
sheep n *bäg-a
be hot vi *bäl-
door n *bäl-a
divide, share vt *bän-
hare, rabbit n *bäntär/l-
mule n *bäql-/bəql-a
curds, go sour n/vi *bäqʷ-
forehead n *bäw-
cloud n *bəkʷän-a
boil vi *bəlqʷ-/bəlxw-
flow, pour out vi *bəqʷ-/bäqʷ-
be hot vi *bər-
blood n *bər-
land, earth n *bər-a ?
be hot vi *bərbər-
saliva n *bəsq-/bəsqʷ-/bəcq-
be rich, sated vi *bət[t]- ?
land, earth, soil, ground n *bət-[a]
louse n *bətt-a
carry on the back vt *bəw-/baw-
open vt *bəz-
leave vi *ba-t-
swim vi *bamb-
ox n *bir-[a]
gourd n *bVɣʷ-a
empty, bald, sparse adj *bVqʷ-
milk n *cäb-/cab-
termite n *cäcäb-
left-side n *cängäb-
hair n *cəb-/cəf-
hair n *cəbk-a
be sick vi *cəɣʷVs-
sickness, disease n *cəɣʷVz-
small, young n/adj *cəgʷ-
ten num *cək-a
tail n *cəmar-/cəmär-
fly n *cənc-a
star n *cəngərw-a
thirst n *cəqʷan-/caqʷən-
hold, take, have vt *cak-/cax-
dark, shadow n *cam-
sole of the foot n *canb-/canf-
grass n *cank-a
cook, stew vt/n *caqʷ-/cəqʷ-
oath, swear an oath n/vi *car-/cär-
scorpion n *ciqʷ-/ciɣʷ-a
ashes n *cVbVr-
count vt *čäb-/čib- ?
vervet monkey n *čäčäw-a
fresh dung n *čäqʷ-/čaqʷ-a
call vt *čəŋ-
rainy season n *čəq-/čaq-
salt n *čəw-[a]
urinate, urine vi/n *čaɣ-/čəɣ-
ask for, beg, pray vt *čiw-/čaw-
bury vt *däb-
mud, clay n *[dä]däqʷ-a
excrement n *däɣr-
pass vi *däkʷ-/däxw-
cloud n *däm[m]än-
learn vt *däs-
mountain, hill n *dəb[b]-a
short n *dədəŋ-/dädäŋ-
defecate vi *dəɣr-
speak vt *dəɣʷ-
donkey n *dəɣʷar-
bad adj/n *dək[k]-
vein, sinew n *dəng-a
finish vt *dəŋʷ-
be destroyed, lost, finished vi *dəz-
step, tread vi *dad-
top, upper part, height n *dag-/däg-
rock, boulder n *dangʷər-/dəngʷər-
touch vt *danq-
divorce vt *daqär-
frog n *daqʷs-a/daqs-a
chicken n *dirw-a
buy vt *dyəb-/dyäb-
cat n *dVmmV-[ta]
go out, go up vi *f-
bake vt *fäɣ-
horse n *färz-[a]
go vi *fät-
sow vt *faz-
goat n *fəntVr-a
fruit n *fər-
fly vi *fər-/bər-
comb vt *fal-/fäl-
breathe out, rest vi *fiɣʷ-/faɣʷ-
flea n *fVlVt-a
refuse, forbid vt *gäb-
side, half n *gäb-/gäf-
face n *gäc-
go down, descend vi *gäm-
grow old vi *gän-
mother n *gän-a
sleep vi *gänʒ- ?
be strong, numerous vi *gär-
calf n *gär-
day n *gärk-
bless vt *gäw-t-
dig, till the earth vt *gäz-/gəz-
stick, staff n *gəmb-
knee n *gərb-
back n *gərb-a
spend the day vi *gərg-
man, male n *gərw-a
backside, anus, vagina n *gət-
dog n *gəzəŋ-/gəzäŋ-
speak vt *gab-
cave n *gaɣ-/gʷaɣ-
run vi *gaŋ-/giŋ-
be ripe, cooked vi *gi-
shield n *gib-
horn n *gix-
get up, stand up vi *gʷ-
side of the body n *gʷädŋ-
possessed, mad n/adj *gʷäɣät-
till the earth, plough vt *gʷäz-
belly n *gʷäzgʷ-/gʷəzgʷ-
sharpen vt *gʷəb-/gəb
morning n *gʷərab-/gʷärab-
fear n *gʷaɣ-/gʷəɣ-
thunder n *gʷangʷ-/gʷängʷ-
cut vt *käb-/kab-
bear, beget children vt *käbän-/kamän-
yawn vi *käɣäs-
cold adj/n *kämb-/kamb-
lip n *känfär-
break vt *kär-/käl-
hang vt *kärkär-/käkär-
shoulder n *käs-
house, village n *käw-
possessions, cattle n *kəm-/käm-
neck n *kərm-
stone n *kərŋ-/karŋ-
dawn vi *kəs-
die vi *kət-
kill vt *kəw-
buffalo n *kəw-a ?
marriage n *kəxan-
sell vt *kəz-
cross, go across vi *ka-t-
help vt *kab-
dry adj *kag-
tree, wood n *kan-[a]
wing n *kanf-/kanb-
be angry vi *kar-/kʷar- ?
spend the night vi *ki-
all clitic *-ki
male (animals) n/adj *kin-
get to know, understand vt *kin-t-/kan-t-
be better vi *kiz-
forest, woodland n *kVbVn-
forearm n *kʷäräz-
add vt *kʷäz-
you, your (sg.) pron. obl. *kʷə-/kə-
evening, become evening n/vi *kʷəm-
become evening vi *kʷən-
river, stream n *kʷər-[a]
cover vt *kʷət[t]- ?
stonewall n *kʷan-/kʷän-a
sun n *kʷar-a
fall vi *läb-
be long, tall vi *lägäz-
wound n *läɣän-
two num *läŋ-/laŋ-a
seven num *läŋätt-a/laŋätt-a
right-side n *läw-/law-
fire n *läx-
heart n *ləb[b]äk-a
foot, leg n *ləkʷ-
cover vt *ləm-/läm-
cow n *ləw-
one num *la-[+-ɣʷ/-ti]
feather n *lab-
shave vt *lac-/läc-/ləc-
flour, meal n *laɣ-
come! vi.imper. *laɣ-/laɣʷ-
bee n *laɣl-[a]
receive vt *lam-t- ?
lick vt *lanc-
tongue n *lanq-
finger n *laŋ-
vomit, spit vi *laq-[ət-]
hundred num *liɣ-
mouth n *mäkäy-
turn sour, ferment vi *mä[n]č-
door, gate n *mär-a
carry vt *məɣʷ-t-/mäɣʷ-t-
lightning n *mərk-/bərk-
snake n *mərVw-[a]
forget vt *məx-[Vt-]
throw down, throw away vt *mal-
leather bag n *mar-
honey wine, mead n *miz-
suck vt *näb-
middle n *näbäk-/näbäx-
dream vi/n *näbäx/ɣ-
male (humans) adj *näs-aɣʷ
calf n *näw-
give here (i.e. to the speaker) vt *nak-/nax-
now adv *nan ? < *ʔənan
hand, arm n *nan-
black adj *ŋəcir-
today adv *nəki/naki
house n *ŋən-
bone n *ŋac-
head, brain n *ŋat-a
3rd pers. pronoun pron *ŋV-
egg n *qäɣal- [+] ?
worm n *qəc-a
cheek, side of the face n *qac-/qäc-
steal, thief vi/n *qacän- ?
bark (tree) n *qaf-
straw, stalk n *qanc-a ?
spend the morning vi *qas-
night n *qir-/qar-
smell n/vi *qir-/qar-
eat vt *qʷ-
egg n *qʷäräɣ- [+]
pa nose n *qʷəmb-/qəmb-
wet, moist n/adj *qʷət-
be small, thin vi *qʷət-t-
anoint vt *qʷa-s-
anoint o.s. vi *qʷa-t-
see vt *qʷal-/qal-
dress, wear vt *sä-t-
stab, prick, pierce vt *säb-
do, make vt *säb-/t-säb-
three num *säɣʷ-/səɣʷ-a
eight num *säɣʷätt-a
upper back, shoulder blades, mountain ridge n *säg-
tapeworm n *säk-a
lungs n *sämb-/samb-
axe n *sänkʷät -
red adj *sär-/sar-aɣʷ
four num *säʒ[ʒ]-a
nine num *säʒt-a > *säcta
onion n *səgʷərt-
stay, wait vi *sək-/səx- ?
barley n *səkm-
sacrifice vt *səkʷ-/sakʷ/säxw-
beer n *sələɣ-/səlaɣ-
stay, live, dwell vi *səmb-
butter n *sən-a
bark (tree) n *sənkʷ-a
swallow vt *səŋʷ-
root n *sər-
bride, bridegroom n *sərgʷ-
rain n *səw-a
meat n *səx-a
sweat n *səzq-
honey n *saɣär-a
fat n *saɣʷ-a
liver n *sanq-
sew, plait vt *saq-/saɣ-
underneath n *saqʷ-/səqʷ
name n *šəŋʷ-
appear, seem vi *täk-/tak-
grandmother n *t-än-
tens formative num *-täŋən
vicinity, side n *täx-/tax-
be near, draw near vi *täx-t-/tax-t-
be hidden vi *təb-t-
bedbug n *təɣʷan-
medicine, remedy n *təl-a
darkness, dark n *təm-
stop, stand still vi *təmb-
find vt *təŋ-
flax, linseed n *tərb-
enter vi *təw-
smoke n *təz-[a]
teff (Poa abyssinica) n *tab-/taf-
taste vt *tam-
hit, strike vt *tax-s/z-
father's sister n *t-axər-/t-əxər-
bullock n *timt-a
light n *tixw-a
sister n *t-sän- < *t-zän-
what pron *wä-/wə-
threshing floor n *wädän-a
hyena n *wäk-/wäx-
six num *wält-a
wild pig n *wänkir-/wängir-
give back, answer vt *wäntär-s-
return, go back vi *wäntär-
sieve n *wäntäb-
ashes, embers n *wəz-/wäz-
become, be vi *wan-/wän-
ask a question vt *wanqär-
hear vt *was-
play, game vt/n *waxär-
mat for sleeping on n *wVcäɣ-a
leaf n *xac-[a]
big adj *xay-
say vt *y-
lumbar region, waist, hips n *yäw-
me, my pron.obl. *yə-
leopard n *yəb-a
brother n *zän-/zan-
walk vi *ʒäŋ-
insult vt *ʒäq-/ʒäɣ-
want, wish vt *ʒäräb-
wheat n *ʒärgʷ-a
bird n *ʒäxäl-a
guinea fowl n *ʒəɣrVn-[a]
be heavy vi *ʒəkaw-
go round, turn vi *ʒələw-
dance, sing vi *ʒəm-
drink vt *ʒəq-/ʒaq -
intestines, innards n *ʒər-
front n *ʒab-
baboon n *ʒaggVr-/ʒäggVr-
elephant n *ʒan-a
God n *ʒar-
talk, tell, story vt/n *ʒiŋ-

References

[edit]
  • Appleyard, David L. 2006. A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages. (Kuschitische Sprachstudien – Cushitic Language Studies Band 24). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
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