Appendix:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܣܘܼܪܵܐܝܼܬ݂ (sūrāˀīṯ) edit (206) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | ܐܵܢܵܐ (ānā) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | ܐܲܢ݇ܬ (at) (masculine), ܐܲܢ݇ܬܝ (at) (feminine) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | ܗ̇ܘ (awa) (masculine), ܗ̇ܝ (aya) (feminine) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | ܐܲܚܢܲܢ (aḥnan) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | ܐܲܚܬܘܿܢ (aḥtōn) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | ܐܵܢܝܼ (ānī) |
| 7 | this | ܗܵܢܵܐ (hānā) (masculine singular), ܗܵܕ݂ܹܐ (hāḏē) (feminine singular), ܗܵܠܹܝܢ (hālēn) (plural) |
| 8 | that | ܗ̇ܘ (awa) (masculine singular), ܗ̇ܝ (aya) (feminine singular), ܐܵܢܝܼ (ānī) (plural) |
| 9 | here | ܐܵܟ݂ܵܐ (āḵā) |
| 10 | there | ܬܲܡܵܐ (tammā) |
| 11 | who | ܡܵܢܝܼ (mānī) |
| 12 | what | ܡܵܐ (mā) |
| 13 | where | ܐܲܝܟܵܐ (aykā) |
| 14 | when | ܐܝܼܡܲܢ (īman) |
| 15 | how | ܕܵܐܟ݂ܝܼ (dāḵī) |
| 16 | not | ܠܵܐ (lā), ܠܲܝܬ (layt) |
| 17 | all | ܟܠ (kul) |
| 18 | many | ܪܵܒܵܐ (rābā) |
| 19 | some | ܚܲܕ݇ܟܡܵܐ (ḥakmā) |
| 20 | few | ܚܲܕ݇ܟ̰ܵܐ (ḥačā) |
| 21 | other | ܐ݇ܚܹܪ݇ܢܵܐ (ḥēnā) |
| 22 | one | ܚܲܕ݇ (ḥa) |
| 23 | two | ܬܪܹܝܢ (trēn) |
| 24 | three | ܬܠܵܬ݂ܵܐ (tlāṯā) |
| 25 | four | ܐܲܪܒܥܵܐ (arbˁā) |
| 26 | five | ܚܲܡܫܵܐ (ḥamšā) |
| 27 | big | ܪܲܒܵܐ (rabbā) |
| 28 | long | ܝܲܪܝܼܟ݂ܵܐ (yarīḵā) |
| 29 | wide | ܦܸܬ݂ܝܵܐ (piṯyā) |
| 30 | thick | ܥܲܒ݂ܝܵܐ (ˁaḇyā) |
| 31 | heavy | ܝܲܩܘܼܪܵܐ (yaqūrā) |
| 32 | small | ܙܥܘܿܪܵܐ (zˁōrā) |
| 33 | short | ܟܸܪܝܵܐ (kiryā) |
| 34 | narrow | ܥܝܼܩܵܐ (ˁīqā) |
| 35 | thin | ܪܲܩܝܼܩܵܐ (raqīqā) |
| 36 | woman | ܒܲܟ݂ܬܵܐ (baḵtā) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ܓܲܒ݂ܪܵܐ (gaḇrā) |
| 38 | man (human being) | ܐ݇ܢܵܫܵܐ (nāšā) |
| 39 | child | ܫܲܒ݂ܪܵܐ (šaḇrā) |
| 40 | wife | ܒܲܟ݂ܬܵܐ (baḵtā), ܒܲܪ݇ܬ ܙܵܘܓܵܐ (bat zāwgā) |
| 41 | husband | ܓܲܒ݂ܪܵܐ (gaḇrā), ܒܲܪ ܙܵܘܓܵܐ (bar zāwgā) |
| 42 | mother | ܝܸܡܵܐ (yimmā) |
| 43 | father | ܒܵܒܵܐ (bābā), ܐܲܒ݂ܵܐ (aḇā) |
| 44 | animal | ܚܲܝ݇ܘܬ݂ܵܐ (ḥawṯā) |
| 45 | fish | ܢܘܼܢܵܐ (nūnā) |
| 46 | bird | ܛܲܝܪܵܐ (ṭayrā), ܦܵܪܲܚܬܵܐ (pāraḥtā), ܨܸܦܪܵܐ (ṣiprā) |
| 47 | dog | ܟܲܠܒܵܐ (kalbā) |
| 48 | louse | ܩܲܠܡܵܐ (qalmā) |
| 49 | snake | ܚܘܼܘܹܐ (ḥūwē) |
| 50 | worm | ܬܵܘܠܥܵܐ (tāwlˁā) |
| 51 | tree | ܐܝܼܠܵܢܵܐ (īlānā) |
| 52 | forest | ܥܵܒ݂ܵܐ (ˁāḇā) |
| 53 | stick | ܚܘܼܛܪܵܐ (ḥuṭrā) |
| 54 | fruit | ܦܹܐܪܵܐ (pērā) |
| 55 | seed | ܙܲܪܥܵܐ (zarˁā), ܒܲܙܲܪܵܐ (bazzarā) |
| 56 | leaf | ܛܲܪܦܵܐ (ṭarpā) |
| 57 | root | ܫܸܪܫܵܐ (širšā) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | ܩܠܵܦܬܵܐ (qlāptā) |
| 59 | flower | ܗܲܒܵܒ݂ܵܐ (habbāḇā) |
| 60 | grass | ܓܸܠܵܐ (gillā) |
| 61 | rope | ܚܲܒ݂ܠܵܐ (ḥaḇlā) |
| 62 | skin | ܓܸܠܕܵܐ (gildā) |
| 63 | meat | ܒܸܣܪܵܐ (bisrā) |
| 64 | blood | ܕܸܡܵܐ (dimmā) |
| 65 | bone | ܓܲܪܡܵܐ (garmā) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | ܬܲܪܒܵܐ (tarbā) |
| 67 | egg | ܒܹܝܥܬ݂ܵܐ (bēˁṯā) |
| 68 | horn | ܩܲܪܢܵܐ (qarnā) |
| 69 | tail | ܕܲܢܒ݂ܵܐ (danḇā) |
| 70 | feather | ܐܸܒ݂ܪܵܐ (iḇrā) |
| 71 | hair | ܣܲܥܪܵܐ (saˁrā) |
| 72 | head | ܪܹܝܫܵܐ (rēšā) |
| 73 | ear | ܐܸܕ݂ܢܵܐ (iḏnā) |
| 74 | eye | ܥܲܝܢܵܐ (ˁaynā) |
| 75 | nose | ܢܲܚܝܼܪܵܐ (naḥīrā) |
| 76 | mouth | ܦܘܼܡܵܐ (pummā) |
| 77 | tooth | ܟܹܟܵܐ (kēkā) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ (liššānā) |
| 79 | fingernail | ܛܸܦܪܵܐ (ṭiprā) |
| 80 | foot | ܐܲܩܠܵܐ (aqlā) |
| 81 | leg | ܪܸܓ݂ܠܵܐ (riḡlā) |
| 82 | knee | ܒܸܪܟܵܐ (birkā) |
| 83 | hand | ܐܝܼܕ݂ܵܐ (īḏā) |
| 84 | wing | ܓܘܼܠܦܵܐ (gulpā) |
| 85 | belly | ܟܹܪ݇ܣܵܐ (kēsā) |
| 86 | guts | ܡܲܥܝܹ̈ܐ (maˁyē) |
| 87 | neck | ܩܕ݂ܵܠܵܐ (qḏālā) |
| 88 | back | ܚܵܨܵܐ (ḥāṣā) |
| 89 | breast | ܨܲܕ݂ܪܵܐ (ṣaḏrā) |
| 90 | heart | ܠܸܒܵܐ (libbā) |
| 91 | liver | ܟܲܒ݂ܕܵܐ (kaḇdā) |
| 92 | to drink | ܫܵܬܹܐ (šātē) |
| 93 | to eat | ܐܵܟ݂ܹܠ (āḵēl) |
| 94 | to bite | ܩܵܛܹܡ (qāṭēm) |
| 95 | to suck | ܡܵܨܹܨ (māṣēṣ) |
| 96 | to spit | ܪܵܐܹܩ (rāˀēq) |
| 97 | to vomit | ܓܵܥܹܡ (gāˁēm) |
| 98 | to blow | ܢܵܦܹܚ (nāpēḥ) |
| 99 | to breathe | ܢܵܦܹܫ (nāpēš) |
| 100 | to laugh | ܓܵܚܹܟ (gāḥēk) |
| 101 | to see | ܚܵܙܹܐ (ḥāzē) |
| 102 | to hear | ܫܵܡܹܥ (šāmēˁ) |
| 103 | to know | ܝܵܕ݂ܹܥ (yāḏēˁ) |
| 104 | to think | ܚܵܫܹܒ݂ (ḥāšēḇ) |
| 105 | to smell | ܪܵܐܹܚ (rāˀēḥ) |
| 106 | to fear | ܙܵܕ݂ܹܥ (zāḏēˁ) |
| 107 | to sleep | ܕܵܡܹܟ݂ (dāmēḵ) |
| 108 | to live | ܚܵܝܹܐ (ḥāyē) |
| 109 | to die | ܡܵܐܹܬ݂ (māˀēṯ) |
| 110 | to kill | ܩܵܛܹܠ (qāṭēl) |
| 111 | to fight | ܦܵܠܹܫ (pālēš) |
| 112 | to hunt | ܨܵܐܹܕ݂ (ṣāˀēḏ) |
| 113 | to hit | ܡܵܚܹܐ (māḥē) |
| 114 | to cut | ܩܵܛܹܥ (qāṭēˁ) |
| 115 | to split | ܨܵܠܹܚ (ṣālēḥ) |
| 116 | to stab | ܛܵܥܹܨ (ṭāˁēṣ) |
| 117 | to scratch | ܓܵܪܹܕ݂ (gārēḏ) |
| 118 | to dig | ܚܵܦܹܪ (ḥāpēr) |
| 119 | to swim | ܣܵܚܹܐ (sāḥē) |
| 120 | to fly | ܦܵܪܹܚ (pārēḥ) |
| 121 | to walk | ܗܲܠܸܟ݂ (halliḵ) |
| 122 | to come | ܐܵܬ݂ܹܐ (āṯē) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ܫܵܟ݂ܹܒ݂ (šāḵēḇ) |
| 124 | to sit | ܝܵܬܹܒ݂ (yātēḇ) |
| 125 | to stand | ܟܵܠܹܐ (kālē) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ܦܵܬ݂ܹܠ (pāṯēl) |
| 127 | to fall | ܢܵܦܹܠ (nāpēl) |
| 128 | to give | ܝܵܗ݇ܒ݂ܹܠ (yāḇēl) |
| 129 | to hold | ܕܵܒ݂ܹܩ (dāḇēq) |
| 130 | to squeeze | ܥܵܨܹܪ (ˁāṣēr) |
| 131 | to rub | ܫܵܐܹܦ (šāˀēp) |
| 132 | to wash | ܚܲܠܸܠ (ḥallil) |
| 133 | to wipe | ܡܵܫܹܐ (māšē) |
| 134 | to pull | ܓܵܪܹܫ (gārēš) |
| 135 | to push | ܚܲܪܙܸܦ (ḥarzip) |
| 136 | to throw | ܪܵܡܹܐ (rāmē) |
| 137 | to tie | ܐܵܣܹܪ (āsēr) |
| 138 | to sew | ܚܵܐܹܛ (ḥāˀēṭ) |
| 139 | to count | ܡܵܢܹܐ (mānē) |
| 140 | to say | ܐܵܡܹܪ (āmēr) |
| 141 | to sing | ܙܵܡܹܪ (zāmēr) |
| 142 | to play | ܛܲܐܸܠ (ṭaˀil) |
| 143 | to float | ܛܵܐܹܦ (ṭāˀēp) |
| 144 | to flow | ܪܵܕ݂ܹܐ (rāḏē) |
| 145 | to freeze | ܓܵܠܹܕ݂ (gālēḏ) |
| 146 | to swell | ܙܵܐܹܪ (zāˀēr) |
| 147 | sun | ܫܸܡܫܵܐ (šimšā) |
| 148 | moon | ܣܲܗܪܵܐ (sahrā) |
| 149 | star | ܟܵܘܟ݂ܒ݂ܵܐ (kāwḵḇā) |
| 150 | water | ܡܲܝ̈ܵܐ (mayyā) |
| 151 | rain | ܡܸܛܪܵܐ (miṭrā) |
| 152 | river | ܢܲܗܪܵܐ (nahrā) |
| 153 | lake | ܝܲܡܬ݂ܵܐ (yamṯā) |
| 154 | sea | ܝܵܡܵܐ (yāmā) |
| 155 | salt | ܡܸܠܚܵܐ (milḥā) |
| 156 | stone | ܟܹܐܦܵܐ (kēpā) |
| 157 | sand | ܚܝܼܙܵܐ (ḥīzā) |
| 158 | dust | ܐܲܒ݂ܩܵܐ (aḇqā) |
| 159 | earth | ܐܲܪܥܵܐ (arˁā) |
| 160 | cloud | ܥܲܝܒ݂ܵܐ (ˁayḇā), ܥܢܵܢܵܐ (ˁnānā) |
| 161 | fog | ܥܲܪܦܸܠܵܐ (ˁarpillā) |
| 162 | sky | ܫܡܲܝܵܐ (šmayyā) |
| 163 | wind | ܦܵܘܚܵܐ (pāwḥā) |
| 164 | snow | ܬܲܠܓܵܐ (talgā) |
| 165 | ice | ܓܠܝܼܕ݂ܵܐ (glīḏā) |
| 166 | smoke | ܬܸܢܵܐ (tinnā) |
| 167 | fire | ܢܘܼܪܵܐ (nūrā) |
| 168 | ash | ܩܸܛܡܵܐ (qiṭmā) |
| 169 | to burn | ܝܵܩܹܕ݂ (yāqēḏ) |
| 170 | road | ܐܘܼܪܚܵܐ (urḥā) |
| 171 | mountain | ܛܘܼܪܵܐ (ṭūrā) |
| 172 | red | ܣܡܘܿܩܵܐ (smōqā) |
| 173 | green | ܝܲܪܘܿܩܵܐ (yarōqā) |
| 174 | yellow | ܫܥܘܿܬ݂ܵܐ (šˁōṯā) |
| 175 | white | ܚܘܵܪܵܐ (ḥwārā) |
| 176 | black | ܚܘܵܪܵܐ (ḥwārā) |
| 177 | night | ܠܲܝܠܹܐ (laylē) |
| 178 | day | ܝܵܘܡܵܐ (yāwmā) |
| 179 | year | ܫܹܢ݇ܬܵܐ (šēttā) |
| 180 | warm | ܫܲܚܝܼܢܵܐ (šaḥīnā) |
| 181 | cold | ܩܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ (qarīrā) |
| 182 | full | ܡܸܠܝܵܐ (milyā) |
| 183 | new | ܚܲܕܬܵܐ (ḥadtā) |
| 184 | old | ܥܲܬܝܼܩܵܐ (ˁatīqā) |
| 185 | good | ܛܵܒ݂ܵܐ (ṭāḇā) |
| 186 | bad | ܚܸܪܒܵܐ (ḥirbā) |
| 187 | rotten | ܣܸܪܝܵܐ (siryā) |
| 188 | dirty | ܫܘܼܚܬܵܢܵܐ (šuḥtānā) |
| 189 | straight | ܬܪܝܼܨܵܐ (trīṣā) |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ܚܲܪܝܼܦܵܐ (ḥarīpā) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ܫܵܗܝܵܐ (šāhyā) |
| 193 | smooth | ܫܲܥܝܼܥܵܐ (šaˁīˁā) |
| 194 | wet | ܬܲܠܝܼܠܵܐ (talīlā) |
| 195 | dry | ܝܲܒܝܼܫܵܐ (yabīšā) |
| 196 | correct | ܬܪܝܼܨܵܐ (trīṣā), ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ (šarīrā), ܨܲܚܝܼܚܵܐ (ṣaḥīḥā) |
| 197 | near | ܩܲܪܝܼܒ݂ܵܐ (qarīḇā) |
| 198 | far | ܪܲܚܝܼܩܵܐ (raḥīqā) |
| 199 | right | ܝܲܡܝܼܢܵܐ (yamīnā) |
| 200 | left | ܣܸܡܵܠܵܐ (simmālā) |
| 201 | at | ܒ- (b-), ܠܘܵܬ݂ (lwāṯ), ܓܹܢ݇ܒ (gēb), ܠܟܸܣ (lkis) |
| 202 | in | ܓܵܘ (gāw), ܒ- (b-) |
| 203 | with | ܥܲܡ (ˁam), ܒ- (b-) |
| 204 | and | ܘ- (w-) |
| 205 | if | ܐܸܢ (in) |
| 206 | because | ܡܸܛܠ (miṭṭul), ܡ̣ܢ ܥܸܠܲܬ݂ (min ˁillaṯ), ܒܗ̇ܝ ܕ- (b-ay d-) |
| 207 | name | ܫܸܡܵܐ (šimmā) |