Appendix:Old Czech Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Old Czech, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishOld Czech
češčina
edit (207)
1I (1sg)jáz
2you (2sg)ty
3he, she, it (3sg)on, ona, ono
4we (1pl)my
5you (2pl)vy
6they (3pl)oni, ony, ona
7thistento, tato, toto, sen, sie, se
8thatonen, ona, ono
9heretu, zde, sde
10theretame, tamo, onde
11whokto
12whatčso
13wherekde
14whenkdy
15howjako, jake, jak, kako, kak
16notne
17allveš, všě, vše
18manymnoho
19someněkoliko, několik
20fewmálo, nemnoho
21otherdruhý, jiný
22onejeden
23twodva
24threetřie
25fourčtyřie
26fivepět
27bigvelký
28longdlúhý
29wideširoký
30thicktlustý
31heavytěžký
32smallmalý
33shortkrátký
34narrowúzký
35thintenký
36womanžena
37man (adult male)muž
38man (human being)člověk
39childdietě
40wifemalženka, žena, chot
41husbandmalžen, muž, chot
42mothermáti, matka
43fatherotec
44animalzvieřě
45fishryba
46birdpták
47dogpes
48louseveš
49snakehad
50wormčrv
51treestrom
52forestles
53stickhól, klát, kyj, prut, tyčě
54fruitovoce, plod
55seedsiemě
56leaflist
57rootkořen
58bark (of a tree)kóra
59flowerkvět
60grasstráva
61ropelana, povraz, šňóra
62skinkóžě
63meatmaso
64bloodkrev
65bonekost
66fat (noun)tuk, sádlo
67eggvajce
68hornroh
69tailocas, chvost
70featherpero, péro
71hairvlas
72headhlava
73earucho
74eyeoko
75nosenos
76mouthusta
77toothzub
78tongue (organ)jazyk
79fingernailnohet, nehet
80footchodidlo, noha
81legnoha
82kneekoleno
83handruka
84wingkřídlo
85bellybřuch(o), břich(o), teřich
86gutsútroba, třěvo
87neckkrk, šíjě
88backchřbet, zád
89breastprs
90heartsrdce
91liverjátry
92to drinkpíti
93to eatjiesti
94to bitekúsati, hrýzti, hryzati
95to suckssáti, srkati
96to spitpľvati
97to vomitbľvati, vracěti
98to blowfúkati, dúti, vieti
99to breathedychati
100to laughsmieti sě
101to seeviděti
102to hearslyšěti
103to knowvěděti, znáti
104to thinkmysliti, mnieti
105to smellcútiti, čúti, voněti
106to fearbáti sě, strachovati sě
107to sleepspáti
108to livežíti
109to diemřieti, umřieti, zemřieti
110to killzabiti, usmrtiti, unaviti
111to fightbojovati, válčiti
112to huntloviti
113to hitudeřiti
114to cutřězati, krájeti, sieci
115to splitrozděliti
116to stabbósti, píchati
117to scratchškrabati, drápati
118to digkopati, rýti
119to swimplavati
120to flyletěti, létati
121to walkjíti, choditi
122to comepřijíti
123to lie (as in a bed)ležěti
124to sitseděti
125to standstáti
126to turn (intransitive)obrátiti
127to fallpásti, padati
128to givedáti, dávati
129to holddržěti
130to squeezestlačiti, zmačkati, stisknúti
131to rubtřieti
132to washmýti, práti
133to wipeutierati
134to pullvláčěti, smýkati, táhati
135to pushtlačiti
136to throwhoditi, házěti
137to tievázati
138to sewšíti
139to countčísti, počítati
140to saymluviti, řiekati, věcěti
141to singpieti, zpievati
142to playjhráti
143to floatplúti
144to flowtéci
145to freezemrznúti
146to swellotéci, opuchnúti
147sunslunce, slnce
148moonměsiec, luna
149starhvězda
150watervoda
151raindéšč
152riverřěka
153lakejezero
154seamoře
155saltsól
156stonekámen
157sandpiesek
158dustprach, prst
159earthzemě
160cloudmrak, oblak
161fogmhla
162skynebe
163windvietr
164snowsnieh
165iceled
166smokedým
167fireoheň
168ashpopel
169to burnhořěti
170roadcěsta, silnicě, stzě, stezka
171mountainhora
172redčrvený, rudý
173greenzelený
174yellowžlutý
175whitebielý
176blackčrný
177nightnoc
178dayden
179yearrok, léto (summer)
180warmteplý
181coldstudený, chladný
182fullplný
183newnový
184oldstarý
185gooddobrý
186badzlý, špatný
187rottenshnilý
188dirtyšpinavý
189straightpřiemý, prostý
190roundokrúhlý
191sharp (as a knife)ostrý
192dull (as a knife)tupý
193smoothhladký
194wetmokrý, vlhký
195drysuchý
196correctsprávný
197nearblízký
198fardaleký
199rightpravý
200leftlevý
201atpři, u
202inv, ve
203withs, se
204anda, i
205ifjestli, jestliže, pokud
206becausebo, protože, jelikož, poňavadž
207namejmě
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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