Appendix:Jeju Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Jeju, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List[edit]
| № | English | Jeju 제줏말 (jejunmal) edit (108) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 나 (na) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 느 (neu) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | 가이 (gai), 자이 (jai), 야이 (yai) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | 우리 (uri) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | 느네 (neune) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | 가이덜 (gaideol) |
| 7 | this | 이 (i) |
| 8 | that | 그 (geu), 저 (jeo) |
| 9 | here | 이디 (idi) |
| 10 | there | 그디 (geudi), 저디 (jeodi) |
| 11 | who | 누게 (nuge) |
| 12 | what | 무신거 (musin'geo) |
| 13 | where | 어디 (eodi) |
| 14 | when | 어느제 (eoneuje) |
| 15 | how | 어떵 (eotteong) |
| 16 | not | 아이 (ai) |
| 17 | all | 모돈 (modon) |
| 18 | many | 하다 (hada), 만ᄒᆞ다 (manhawda) |
| 19 | some | ᄒᆞ꼼 (hawkkom), ᄒᆞᄊᆞᆯ (hawssawl), 조꼼 (jokkom) |
| 20 | few | 족다 (jokda), ᄒᆞ꼼 (hawkkom), ᄒᆞᄊᆞᆯ (hawssawl), 조꼼 (jokkom) |
| 21 | other | ᄐᆞ난 (tawnan) |
| 22 | one | ᄒᆞ나 (hawna) |
| 23 | two | 둘 (dul) |
| 24 | three | 싯 (sit) |
| 25 | four | 닛 (nit) |
| 26 | five | 다ᄉᆞᆺ (dasawt) |
| 27 | big | 크다 (keuda) |
| 28 | long | 질다 (jilda) |
| 29 | wide | 널르다 (neolleuda), 넙다 (neopda) |
| 30 | thick | 두덥다 (dudeopda), 훍다 (hukda) |
| 31 | heavy | 무겁다 (mugeopda), 베다 (beda) |
| 32 | small | 족다 (jokda) |
| 33 | short | ᄍᆞᆯ르다 (jjawlleuda) |
| 34 | narrow | 좁다 (jopda) |
| 35 | thin | ᄁᆞ늘다 (kkawneulda), 얄룹다 (yallupda) |
| 36 | woman | 여ᄌᆞ (yeojaw), 제집 (jejip) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 남ᄌᆞ (namjaw), 소나이 (sonai) |
| 38 | man (human being) | 사름 (sareum) |
| 39 | child | 아이 (ai) |
| 40 | wife | 각시 (gaksi) |
| 41 | husband | 냄펜 (naempen) |
| 42 | mother | 어멍 (eomeong) |
| 43 | father | 아방 (abang) |
| 44 | animal | 짐승 (jimseung) |
| 45 | fish | 물퀘기 (mulkwegi) |
| 46 | bird | 생이 (saeng'i) |
| 47 | dog | 개 (gae) |
| 48 | louse | 니 (ni) |
| 49 | snake | 베염 (beyeom) |
| 50 | worm | 버렝이 (beoreng'i) |
| 51 | tree | 나ᇬ |
| 52 | forest | 곶 (got) |
| 53 | stick | 막뎅이 (makdeng'i) |
| 54 | fruit | ᄋᆢ름 (yawreum) |
| 55 | seed | 씨 (ssi) |
| 56 | leaf | 섭 (seop) |
| 57 | root | 뿔희 (ppulhui) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 낭거죽 (nanggeojuk) |
| 59 | flower | 고장 (gojang) |
| 60 | grass | 풀 (pul) |
| 61 | rope | 줄 (jul) |
| 62 | skin | ᄉᆞᆯ (sawl), ᄉᆞᆯ카죽 (sawlkajuk ) |
| 63 | meat | 궤기 (gwegi) |
| 64 | blood | 피 (pi) |
| 65 | bone | 꽝 (kkwang) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | 지름 (jireum) |
| 67 | egg | ᄃᆞᆨ새기 (dawksaegi), 알 (al) |
| 68 | horn | 뿔 (ppul) |
| 69 | tail | 꼴렝이 (kkolleng'i) |
| 70 | feather | 짓 (jit) |
| 71 | hair | 터럭 (teoreok), 꺼럭 (kkeoreok) |
| 72 | head | 머리 (meori) |
| 73 | ear | 귀 (gwi) |
| 74 | eye | 눈 (nun) |
| 75 | nose | 코 (ko) |
| 76 | mouth | 입 (ip) |
| 77 | tooth | 니 (ni) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | 세 (se) |
| 79 | fingernail | 손콥 (sonkop) |
| 80 | foot | 발 (bal) |
| 81 | leg | 가달 (gadal) |
| 82 | knee | 독ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆸ (dongmawrawp) |
| 83 | hand | 손 (son) |
| 84 | wing | ᄂᆞᆯ개 (nawlgae) |
| 85 | belly | 베 (be) |
| 86 | guts | 베ᄉᆞᆯ (besawl), 애 (ae), 창지 (changji) |
| 87 | neck | 야게 (yage) |
| 88 | back | 등땡이 (deungttaeng'i) |
| 89 | breast | 가슴 (gaseum) |
| 90 | heart | ᄋᆢᆷ통 (yawmtong) |
| 91 | liver | 간 (gan) |
| 92 | to drink | 드르쓰다 (deureusseuda) |
| 93 | to eat | 먹다 (meokda) |
| 94 | to bite | 물다 (mulda) |
| 95 | to suck | ᄈᆞᆯ다 (ppawlda) |
| 96 | to spit | 밖다 (bakda) |
| 97 | to vomit | 게우다 (ge'uda), 내치다 (naechida) |
| 98 | to blow | 불다 (bulda) |
| 99 | to breathe | 쉬다 (swida) |
| 100 | to laugh | 웃다 (utda) |
| 101 | to see | 보다 (boda) |
| 102 | to hear | 듣다 (deutda) |
| 103 | to know | 알다 (alda) |
| 104 | to think | 세아리다 (searida), 셍각ᄒᆞ다 (senggakhawda) |
| 105 | to smell | 맡다 (matda) |
| 106 | to fear | 저으다 (jeo'euda), ᄆᆞᄉᆞᆸ다 (mawsawpda) |
| 107 | to sleep | |
| 108 | to live | |
| 109 | to die | |
| 110 | to kill | |
| 111 | to fight | |
| 112 | to hunt | |
| 113 | to hit | |
| 114 | to cut | |
| 115 | to split | |
| 116 | to stab | |
| 117 | to scratch | |
| 118 | to dig | |
| 119 | to swim | |
| 120 | to fly | |
| 121 | to walk | |
| 122 | to come | |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | |
| 124 | to sit | |
| 125 | to stand | |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | |
| 127 | to fall | |
| 128 | to give | |
| 129 | to hold | |
| 130 | to squeeze | |
| 131 | to rub | |
| 132 | to wash | |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | |
| 135 | to push | |
| 136 | to throw | |
| 137 | to tie | |
| 138 | to sew | |
| 139 | to count | |
| 140 | to say | |
| 141 | to sing | |
| 142 | to play | |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | |
| 147 | sun | 헤 (he) |
| 148 | moon | ᄃᆞᆯ (dawl) |
| 149 | star | |
| 150 | water | |
| 151 | rain | |
| 152 | river | |
| 153 | lake | |
| 154 | sea | |
| 155 | salt | |
| 156 | stone | |
| 157 | sand | |
| 158 | dust | |
| 159 | earth | |
| 160 | cloud | |
| 161 | fog | |
| 162 | sky | |
| 163 | wind | |
| 164 | snow | |
| 165 | ice | |
| 166 | smoke | |
| 167 | fire | |
| 168 | ash | |
| 169 | to burn | |
| 170 | road | |
| 171 | mountain | |
| 172 | red | |
| 173 | green | |
| 174 | yellow | |
| 175 | white | |
| 176 | black | |
| 177 | night | |
| 178 | day | |
| 179 | year | |
| 180 | warm | |
| 181 | cold | |
| 182 | full | |
| 183 | new | |
| 184 | old | |
| 185 | good | |
| 186 | bad | |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | |
| 194 | wet | |
| 195 | dry | |
| 196 | correct | |
| 197 | near | |
| 198 | far | |
| 199 | right | |
| 200 | left | |
| 201 | at | |
| 202 | in | |
| 203 | with | |
| 204 | and | |
| 205 | if | |
| 206 | because | |
| 207 | name |