Appendix:Greater Siangic comparative vocabulary list
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The following comparative vocabulary list of Greater Siangic languages has been merged from Tables 3-10 in the appendix of Modi (2013).
Lexical isoglosses[edit]
- Milang and Idu-Taraon
- Words shared among Milang, Taraon, Idu, and Proto-Tani: arrow, bitter, blood, blow, brain, branch, breath, call/cry/shout, child, cloud, die, dog, dream, drink, dry, ear, excrement, extinguished, fire, five, flow, four, full, grandfather, grandmother, hair, horn, hundred, I, insect, leaf, leech, man, moon, name, night, nine, ripe, road, salt, sharp edged, sit, smell, snake, stand, stone, tail, ten, you, three, two, uncle (maternal), water, weave, wood, year, smoke, dream, smallpox, crow, good, bedbug, pick, pluck, one, tree, cut (wood), enemy, net (fishing), cooked, mithun, goiter, son, father, carry (back), cucumber, breast, snow
- Words shared exclusively among Milang, Taraon, and Idu, but not Proto-Tani: rest, liquor, swell, morning, sand, bee, last, warm (fire), axe, house, rice, forehead, day, count, fish, fruit, fear, salt, eat, child, bird, ant, sun, mortar, egg, fat, fall, five, fowl, hair (body), know, pluck, lightweight, ghost, winter, seven, hail, sweat, bladder, eight, yesterday, ribs, swallow
- Koro-Milang and Idu-Taraon
- Words shared among Milang, Taraon, Idu, Koro, and Proto-Tani: mithun, cut, stand, boy, arrow, fat, hair (body), net (fishing), fish, pig, goat, bow, snake, woman, woman, cloud, moon, hundred, four, eat, imbibe/drink, bitter, bird, two, fire, vagina, neck, blood, beard, penis, head, urine, dog, 2sg, sharp, good
- Words shared exclusively among Milang, Taraon, Idu, and Koro, but not Proto-Tani: axe, house, salt, day, egg, fowl/chicken, know, sand, seven, eight, ear, ten, yesterday, bamboo, mouth, sun, fat, give, today, white, black, rice, ant
List[edit]
| Gloss | Idu | Taraon | Milang | Koro | Proto-Siangic | Proto-Tani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ant | pa-si | paː-chai | paŋ-kər | pa-su | *paŋ | *ruk |
| arrow | i-pe | pɨ | a-ppa | pa | *a-puk | |
| ascend | a-tiu | tu | caa | |||
| axe | e-pa | pa | ra-pu | rak-pa | *rak-pu | *əgɨŋ |
| bamboo | a bra li | hui | ahu | fu | *fu | *ɦə(ŋ) |
| beard | ero-mo | thram-um | kjaŋ-ma | caa-mi | *nap-mɨt | |
| bedbug | a-ba | xa-ba | da-ba | *ba/bə | ||
| bee | awa | tawa | tau | *ŋut | ||
| bird | pra | pja | ta-pju | po-le | *pa-taŋ | |
| bitter | ka | kaː | a-ka(a) | a-ka | *kaa | |
| black | ma | ma | je-gjaŋ | ma | *ma | |
| bladder | ateate-poŋ | a-thiɨ | tɛɛ-pɨm | *sur | ||
| blood | i-ju | xa-ruai | a-jji | i-vi | *a-vii | |
| blow | mu | mɨŋ | mut | *mut | ||
| boil | su | hap | ||||
| bow | i-li | ala-i | aj-ji | le | *rji | |
| boy | me | me | ma-lu | ma-le | *meŋ | |
| brain | a-nu | pi-nim | pa-ɲi | *pVk-ni | ||
| branch | ha ro | xa-ra | aak | *ɦak | ||
| breast | ɲo | ɲi | a-ɲun | *njun | ||
| breath | si-hala | shig | ŋa/sak | *sak, *ŋa | ||
| call/cry/shout | gra | gr | gjok | *grok | ||
| carry (back) | bu | a-bu | bɨ | *bak | ||
| child | ʔa | a | uu | *ɦo | ||
| cloud | amu | aːm | a-muk | mug-ba | *muk | |
| cooked | u | oŋ | ɲa | *nu | ||
| count | tshi | tsai | san | *kr | ||
| crow | pra kra ra | piaːkla | piak | *ak | ||
| cucumber | tɕi-kua | tɕi-kua | pimjɛr | *kuŋ | ||
| cut (wood) | pi | pi | pi | pi | *pa | |
| cut | tje | cat | ||||
| day | i-ni | kɨ-n | a-nə | me-ne | *nə | *lo |
| die | ɕi | ɕi | si | *si | ||
| dog | i-ku | ku-aɨ | a-kə | eki-le | *kii; *kwiː; *a-kwi | |
| dream | e-mo, i-mu | ja-mo | im-ma, ɨm-ma | *jup-maŋ | ||
| drink | tioŋ | tɨŋ, tim | caŋ | *tɨŋ | ||
| dry | ɕaŋ | ɕoŋ | saa | *san | ||
| ear | akru-na, ako-na | kru-naŋ | ra-ɲu | rã | *raɲ(u?) | *ɲa(-ruŋ), *ɲo |
| eat | ha | tha | tu | to | *do | |
| egg | meto cu | a(ː)-tei | cici | cuci | *cu-ci | *pɨ |
| eight | i-lioŋ | liɨm | ra-jɛŋ | rãla | *ra-ljaŋ | *pri-ɲi |
| enemy | me-re | br | mi-ru | *rol | ||
| excrement | khri | klai | ii | *eː | ||
| extinguished | mut | xa-mɨn | mat | *mit | ||
| fall | a-du | blai-du | du | *ho | ||
| fat | so | ta-so | a-hu | fõ, u-fu | *fo | *fu |
| father | na-ba | na-ba | a-bə | *bo | ||
| fear | rji | rai | a-rɛ | *bV-so; PV-so | ||
| fire | ma-mru | na-mɨn | a-mi | mi-la | *amə | |
| fish | a-ŋa | ta-ŋaŋ | a-ŋu | ŋo-la | *ŋo | |
| five | ma-ŋa | ma-ŋa | pa-ŋu | *ŋo | ||
| flow | bɨ-po | blum | bɨt | *bɨt | ||
| forehead | ma-plaŋ | ma-plaŋ | paŋ | *tukta | ||
| four | ka-prɨi | ka-prai | pə | ko-ple | *pri | |
| fowl/chicken | me-to | tiu | a-cu | co-le | *co | *rok |
| fruit | ruŋ-ɕi | ta-ɕi | a-si | *ze; *pɨ | ||
| full | broŋ, b(r?)a | blɨŋ | baŋ | *brɨŋ | ||
| ghost | kʰinu | khɨ-ɲɨm | ta-kuŋ | *rom | ||
| give | haŋ | haŋ | ram | rã | *ram | *bi |
| goat | kɨtɕi | maa-bi | aa-bi | so-ben | *ɕa-ben | |
| goiter | ka-pu | tɨ-ba | laŋ-bə | *pu | ||
| good | pra | pra | pju | pla | *pro? | |
| grandfather | na-tia | a-tia | a-cu | *to | ||
| grandmother | na-ja | a-ja | a-ju | *jo | ||
| green | tiŋ | tiɨŋ | je-caŋ | |||
| grow | a-sɨŋ | haŋ | ||||
| hail | a-the | a-thiai | pa-ttə | tapɨ (Eastern Tani) | ||
| hair | ma-bu | um | a-ma | *mɨt | ||
| hair (body) | ma-bu | um | du-ma, a-ma | ma-bu | *dum-mɨt | |
| head | kuru-pom | eko-ra | dum-po | zu-p(a)ra | *dum | |
| horn | ru | rau | a-rəə | *rəŋ | ||
| house | oŋ | aŋ | a-ɲuk | ŋɨn | *Noŋ | *kum |
| hundred | ma-loŋ | ma-lɨn | lɨŋ-ko | pa-la | *lɨŋ | |
| I | ŋa | xaŋ | ŋa | *ŋo | ||
| imbibe/drink | tioŋ | tɨŋ | caŋ | ca | *tɨŋ | |
| insect | a-pu toŋ-po | ta-pɨm | ta-pɨm | *pum | ||
| itch | so | haak | ||||
| know | ka-sa | ka-sa | hu | fu | *fu | *ken |
| last night | e-be-ja | bi-ja | ba-ju | *məjum, *məjo | ||
| leaf | naŋ | naŋ | tan-nom | *nə | ||
| leech | ka-pi | ka-pe | ta-pat | *pat | ||
| lightweight | aŋ | ãã | oo | *ətsaŋ | ||
| liquor | ju | i-ju | a-ju | *poŋ | ||
| listen | ahũga | tha | cu | |||
| man | me | me | mi/ma | *mi | ||
| mithun | sa | a(ː)-shja(ː) | a-su, acu | s`u | *aɕo, *so | |
| moon | e-la | xa-lo | poo-lu | a-la | *po-lo | |
| morning | a-nama | a-naŋ | a-nap | *ro | ||
| mortar | e-loŋ | loŋ | laa-juŋ | *par | ||
| mouth | tʰɨ-ram-bram, eko-be | tʰɨ-rɨm-bram, thɨ-rɨn | caŋ-ci | sa-pu | *caŋ | *gam (*nap) |
| name | a-mu | a-mɨŋ | ra-man | *mɨn | ||
| neck | sem-bra | paa-haŋ | alaŋ | lã-ra | *a-lɨŋ | |
| net (fishing) | sja | shja(ː) | sap-puŋ | sã | *ɕap, *sap | |
| night | e-ja | kɨ-ja | a-ju | *jo | ||
| nine | kɨ-ɲi | ka-ɲɨŋ | ka-ɲɛm | *kV-(n)aŋ | ||
| one | khɨn-ge | khɨn | a-kan | *kon | ||
| penis | mlak(h) | ml | maa-rat | *mrak | ||
| pick | te | tɨ, te | ci | *tɨ | ||
| pig | i-li | bɨ-liai | a-jɛk | le-le | *a-rjek | |
| pluck | u | u | hu | *pu | ||
| rest | na | na | no | *pe | ||
| ribs | a-srubru | hrak | daa | ɨtmo (Eastern Tani) | ||
| rice | ke | kie | du-kɨ | ki-raka | *kje | *am-bwn |
| ripe | ta-rja | haː-mɨŋ | man | *min | ||
| road | a-lioŋ | a-lim | bɨda | *lam | ||
| salt | pra | pla | ta-pu | plo | *pu | *lo |
| sand | a-pi | ta-pi | sa-pi | bu-pi | *bu-pi | sulli (Padam) |
| seven | i-ɦoŋ | weŋ, ɨ-eŋ | ra-ŋal | rã | *roŋ(al) | *kV-nV(t), *kV-nɨt |
| sharp-edged | ra | ra | rat | uru | *rat | |
| sit | de | di | juŋ | *duŋ | ||
| smallpox | broŋ | bro-roŋ | ta-bum | *bum | ||
| smell | nu | nɨŋ | nam | *nam | ||
| smoke | khɨu | ma-khɨu | mɨ-kkɨ | *mə-kɨ | ||
| snake | ja-bu | ta-bu | da-bɨ | gɨ-bu | *bɨ | |
| snow | a-pru | ta-prɨ | ta-pɨm | *pam | ||
| son | a | aː | oo-ru | *ɦo (child) | ||
| son/child/DIM | a | a | uu | *ɦo | ||
| stand | de | deŋ | dak | da | *dak | |
| stone | a-laŋ | ph-laŋ | dabu | *lɨŋ | ||
| sun | rɨŋ, rɨn | rɨn | mə-ruŋ | me-ne | *mə | *doŋ-ɲi |
| swallow | a-b(r)i | blai | bɨt | *met | ||
| sweat | ti-ɕi | xau | kal-si | *il | ||
| swell | proŋ | plɨŋ | paŋ | *bɨŋ | ||
| swidden | pa-ku | pla | a-pu | pjo- (Apatani) | ||
| tail | i-mina | lɨ-mɨn | ta-mi | *mjo ~ me | ||
| ten | hoŋ-ɦoŋ | xa-lɨŋ | haŋ-tak | fã-lã | *faŋ | *cam, *(r)jiŋ |
| thread | ɲa | nja | a-ɲu | *no | ||
| three | ka-soŋ | ka-sɨŋ | ham | *ɦum | ||
| today | e tia-ɲi | a tia-n̥n | ɨ-nə | se-ne | *V-ne | *si-lo |
| tongue | thɨ-li | ci-dal | ||||
| tree | ma-seŋ | ma-sɨŋ | haŋ-ɲi | *siŋ, sik | ||
| two | ka-ni | ka-n | nə, nɛ | ki-ne | *ɲi | |
| uncle (maternal) | na-ku | a-kau | a-kɨ | *kɨ | ||
| urine | tʰe-ci | kɨ-tɕɨŋ | a-tə | tu-su(ŋ) | *ɕum *ɕi | |
| vagina | cek | a(ː)-teb | a-cci | *a-tɨ(ɨ) | ||
| warm (fire) | loŋ | lɨŋ | a-lam | *gu ~ gju | ||
| water | matɕi | ma tɕi | asi | *si | ||
| weave | tiɨ | tiɨ-tio, ta-tiɨ | cim | *čum | ||
| whirlpool | səə | həə-po | ||||
| white | lio | lio | je-cci | lap(l)õ | *ljo | *pun, *puŋ |
| winter | ka-pe-cã | ka-pɨ | na-pɨm | dɨgɨn | ||
| woman | mi-juŋ | me-ja | ma-mi | mi-mi | *mi-mə | |
| woman | ma-so | mi-ja | ma-sɛ | mɨ-siŋ | *mi-fVŋ | |
| wood | ma-seŋ | ma-sɨŋ | haŋ-sa | *sɨŋ | ||
| year | i-nu | kɨ-nɨŋ | ɨnaŋ | *ɲiŋ | ||
| yesterday | bɨ-ɲi | bɨ-liɨŋ | ba-nə | ba-ne | *ba-nə | *mə-lo |
| you (2sg) | ɲo | ɲoŋ | ɲa, ɲi | nu | *no |
References[edit]
- Modi, Yankee. 2013. The nearest relatives of the Tani group. Paper presented at the 19th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Canberra, Australia.