Appendix:Akha comparative vocabulary list
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The following is a comparative vocabulary list of Akha language varieties of northern Laos from Hayashi (2016, 2018).
Locations[edit]
- Chicho: Ban Pasang village, Muang Sing district, Luang Namtha Province, Laos
- Buli (Puli): Phabaad Noy Village, Muang Sing district, Luang Namtha Province, Laos
List[edit]
| no. | gloss | Akha Chicho | Akha Buli |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | body hair | kʰɯ⁵⁵tɕa²¹tɕa²¹xm³³ | tɕa²¹xm³³ |
| 2 | skin | ba³³xo³³, ɕa²¹xo³³ | ba̰³³xo̰²¹ |
| 3 | bone | ɕa²¹jø²¹ | ɕa²¹jø²¹ |
| 4 | blood | ɕi²¹ | ɕi²¹ |
| 5 | tears | mja̰²¹bḭ³³ | mja̰²¹bi³³ |
| 6 | sweat | kʰu³³pʰju⁵⁵ | kʰu²¹pʰju⁵⁵ |
| 7 | pus | ɕa²¹tɕʰi²¹ | ma̰³³lo̰³³ |
| 8 | saliva | du²¹xa²¹ | do²¹xa²¹ |
| 9 | phlegm | u²¹tsʰu³³tsʰu²¹pɛ̰³³ | do²¹xa²¹ʨa̰³³pɛ̰³³ |
| 10 | head | u²¹du²¹ | u²¹du²¹ |
| 11 | forehead | na⁵⁵xɔ⁵⁵ | na⁵⁵xɔ⁵⁵ |
| 12 | hair | u²¹du²¹tsʰɛ⁵⁵kʰɤŋ⁵⁵ | u²¹du²¹tsʰɛ⁵⁵kʰɤŋ⁵⁵ |
| 13 | comb | u²¹du²¹ka̰³³ | u²¹ka̰³³ |
| 14 | face | ȵa̰³³pʰjɔ²¹ | mja̰³³pʰjo²¹ |
| 15 | eyebrow | mja̰³³nɤ̰³³mja̰³³xɤŋ⁵⁵ | mja̰³³xɤŋ³³mja̰³³ɕɛ̰³³ |
| 16 | eyes | mja̰³³nɤ̰³³ | mja̰³³nɤ̰ŋ³³ |
| 17 | ears | na̰³³pa̰³³ | na̰²¹pa̰²¹ |
| 18 | nose | na̰³³bɤŋ²¹ | na̰³³bɤŋ²¹ |
| 19 | mouth | xa²¹mɛ̰³³ | xa²¹mɛ̰³³ |
| 20 | tongue | mɛ²¹la⁵⁵ | mɛ²¹la⁵⁵ |
| 21 | teeth | sɤ²¹ | sɤ²¹ |
| 22 | beard/mustache | mɛ²¹mɤŋ²¹ | (xa²¹mɛ̰³³) mɛ²¹mɤŋ²¹ |
| 23 | neck | kʰɤŋ²¹lɤŋ⁵⁵ | kʰɤŋ²¹lɤŋ⁵⁵ |
| 24 | throat | kʰɤŋ²¹bjɤŋ²¹ | kʰɤŋ²¹bjɤŋ²¹ |
| 25 | shoulder | ba²¹pʰu³³ | ba̰²¹pʰu³³ |
| 26 | hand | a̰³³la̰³³ | a̰²¹la̰²¹ |
| 27 | right-hand | la̰²¹ma⁵⁵ | a⁵⁵ma⁵⁵ |
| 28 | left-hand | la̰²¹tɕʰa⁵⁵ | a⁵⁵ʨʰa⁵⁵ |
| 29 | arm | la̰²¹dṵ³³ | la̰²¹du³³ |
| 30 | elbow | la̰²¹tsɯ̰²¹ | la̰²¹tsɯ̰²¹ |
| 31 | palm | la̰²¹xɔ̰³³ | la̰²¹ɣa̰²¹a²¹o³³pʰo³³ |
| 32 | finger | la̰²¹nø³³ | la̰²¹nø⁵⁵ |
| 33 | fingernail | la̰²¹sɤŋ²¹ | la̰²¹sɤŋ²¹ |
| 34 | breast | nuŋ³³xɤŋ²¹ | nɤ³³xɤŋ²¹ |
| 35 | nipple | a²¹tɕʰø⁵⁵ | a̰²¹ʨʰy⁵⁵(ʨʰy⁵⁵)si²¹ |
| 36 | waist | dɔ⁵⁵tsɯ̰²¹ | dʑo̰²¹ |
| 37 | belly | u²¹ma̰³³ | m²¹ma̰³³ |
| 38 | navel | bø³³lø³³tɕa³³tʰɤŋ²¹ | bø̰³³lø̰³³ |
| 39 | buttocks | dɔ²¹xm²¹ | dɔ²¹xm²¹ |
| 40 | feces | dɔ²¹kʰe²¹ | ʨʰe²¹ |
| 41 | to defecate | dɔ²¹kʰe²¹ | dɔ²¹kʰe²¹ kʰe²¹ |
| 42 | urine | y⁵⁵ɕy³³ | a̰³³ɕy²¹ɕy²¹ |
| 43 | to urinate | y⁵⁵ɕy³³ɕy³³ | a̰³³ɕy²¹ɕy²¹ |
| 44 | to expel intestinal gas | u²¹xa²¹pʰɛ²¹ | u²¹xa²¹ pʰɛ²¹ |
| 45 | to have a fever | tsɛ²¹tʰɤŋ⁵⁵tʰɤŋ⁵⁵pʰja²¹pʰja²¹ | tsɛ̰²¹tʰɤŋ³³tʰɤŋ³³ |
| 46 | to give birth | ja²¹pʰu²¹ | za²¹bo̰³³ |
| 47 | leg | a²¹kʰɯ⁵⁵ | a̰²¹kʰɯ⁵⁵ |
| 48 | foot | a²¹kʰɯ⁵⁵pʰja²¹ɣa²¹ | a̰²¹kʰɯ⁵⁵pʰɛ²¹ɣa²¹ |
| 49 | thigh | ɕa²¹pʰja²¹ | ɕa²¹pʰja²¹ |
| 50 | knee | pʰɔ²¹tsɯ̰²¹ | a̰²¹kʰɯ⁵⁵pʰɔ²¹tsɯ̰²¹ |
| 51 | tendon | ɕa²¹gu²¹ | ɕa²¹gṵ²¹ |
| 52 | back | ɣɔ⁵⁵mɔ⁵⁵ | ɣɔ³³mɔ³³ |
| 53 | to see, to look | mɔ⁵⁵la⁵⁵, xɔ³³ | xɔ³³, xɔ³³mɔ⁵⁵ |
| 54 | to seek | dʑa⁵⁵tɕʰɔ³³ | dʑa⁵⁵ʨʰɔ³³ |
| 55 | to hear, to listen | ga²¹la⁵⁵mi⁵⁵ȵa²¹la²¹, na⁵⁵xa²¹ | ga²¹ma³³, na⁵⁵xa²¹ |
| 56 | to smell | bɛ̰²¹la̰³³ | bɛ̰²¹la̰²¹ |
| 57 | to eat | dza²¹ | dza²¹ |
| 58 | to drink | dɔ⁵⁵ | dɔ⁵⁵ |
| 59 | to bite | kɔ̰²¹ | kɔ̰²¹ |
| 60 | to hold with the hand | ȵi²¹tʰɛ²¹ | ȵi²¹tʰɛ²¹, tsu²¹tʰɛ²¹ |
| 61 | to put, to place in/on | o³³tʰa²¹ | ɔ³³tʰa²¹ |
| 62 | to push | tʰɤŋ²¹, dɛ²¹dzɛ̰³³ | tʰɤŋ²¹i⁵⁵, dɛ²¹i⁵⁵ |
| 63 | to pull | ɣɤ³³ | ɣɤ³¹a̰²¹, ɣɤ³³le²¹, ɣɤ³³i³³le²¹ |
| 64 | to throw | dzɛ³³di⁵⁵ | dzɛ³³di⁵⁵ |
| 65 | to pick up | o̰³³ | o³³ma³³dɛ²¹, ju³³ma³³dɛ²¹ |
| 66 | to ladle | tɔ̰³³ | kɔ̰²¹ |
| 67 | to walk | tɕʰɤŋ³³ | ʨʰɤŋ³³ |
| 68 | to stop | tʰɤŋ⁵⁵dʑɔ⁵⁵ | na²¹, ʥɔ⁵⁵ |
| 69 | to run | tɕi⁵⁵tɕʰø²¹tɕʰø²¹ | la̰²¹dzɛ³³dzɛ³³ |
| 70 | to sit | dɔ²¹nɤ⁵⁵nɤ⁵⁵ | dɔ²¹nɤŋ⁵⁵nɤŋ⁵⁵ |
| 71 | to stand up | ɣɔ²¹jɔ²¹jɔ²¹ | jɔ̰²¹tʰu⁵⁵ |
| 72 | to cough | u²¹tsʰø²¹tsʰø²¹ | u²¹tsʰø²¹tsʰø²¹ |
| 73 | one | tḭ³³ | tḭ²¹ |
| 74 | two | ȵḭ²¹ | ȵḭ²¹ |
| 75 | three | suŋ⁵⁵ | sm⁵⁵ |
| 76 | four | o̰²¹ | ø̰²¹ |
| 77 | five | ŋa²¹ | ŋa²¹ |
| 78 | six | kɔ̰²¹ | ko̰²¹ |
| 79 | seven | ɕḭ³³ | ɕḭ²¹ |
| 80 | eight | jɛ̰³³ | jɛ̰²¹ |
| 81 | nine | ɣø²¹ | ɣø²¹ |
| 82 | ten | tsʰe⁵⁵ | tsʰɛ⁵⁵ |
| 83 | eleven | tsʰe⁵⁵tḭ³³ | tsʰɛ⁵⁵tḭ²¹ |
| 84 | twelve | tsʰe⁵⁵ȵḭ³³ | tsʰɛ⁵⁵ȵḭ²¹ |
| 85 | twenty | ȵḭ³³tsʰe⁵⁵ | ȵḭ²¹tsʰɛ⁵⁵ |
| 86 | ninety nine | ɣø²¹tsʰe⁵⁵ɣø²¹ | ɣø²¹tsʰɛ⁵⁵ɣø²¹ |
| 87 | one hundred | tʰi³³ja⁵⁵ | tʰi²¹ja⁵⁵ |
| 88 | one hundred and one | tʰi³³ja⁵⁵tḭ³³ | tʰi²¹ja⁵⁵a²¹ta̰³³tḭ²¹ |
| 89 | one hundred and ten | tḭ²¹ja⁵⁵tsʰe⁵⁵ | tʰi²¹ja⁵⁵a²¹ta̰³³tsʰɛ⁵⁵ |
| 90 | one thousand | tʰi³³ba²¹ | tʰi²¹ba²¹ |
| 91 | ten thousand | tsʰe⁵⁵ba²¹ | tsʰɛ⁵⁵ba²¹ |
| 92 | one hundred thousand | tʰi³³sɛ⁵⁵ | tsʰɛ⁵⁵mɯn⁵⁵ |
| 93 | one million | tʰi³³la²¹ | tsʰɛ⁵⁵sɛ³³ |
| 94 | many | ɣɔ³³mja⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵ | jɔ³³mja²¹ |
| 95 | few | jɔ³³ȵi⁵⁵ | jɔ³³ʨḭ³³, jɔ³³tɛ̰²¹ |
| 96 | all | dɔ³³tɔ⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵ | ma⁵⁵to⁵⁵(ma²¹)lo̰²¹, ʥi⁵⁵ʨʰo²¹lo²¹ |
| 97 | only | ~tɛ̰³³ | tʰi²¹ɣa²¹(tɛ̰²¹) (one person) |
| 98 | sky | uŋ²¹ɣuŋ²¹ | m²¹ |
| 99 | cloud | u²¹duŋ³³ | m²¹dm⁵⁵ |
| 100 | fog | tɕʰɤ²¹ | ʨʰɤ²¹ |
| 101 | sun | nuŋ⁵⁵ma³³ | nɤ³³ma³³ |
| 102 | moon | ba̰³³la̰³³ | ba³³la³³ |
| 103 | star | a²¹gɯ⁵⁵ | a²¹gɯ⁵⁵ |
| 104 | wind | dʑa²¹lɛ⁵⁵ | ʥa²¹lɛ⁵⁵ |
| 105 | to blow | bɔ̰³³ | bɔ³³ |
| 106 | rain | u²¹jɛ⁵⁵ | m²¹jɛ⁵⁵ |
| 107 | it rains | u²¹jɛ⁵⁵jɛ⁵⁵ | m²¹jɛ⁵⁵ jɛ⁵⁵ |
| 108 | light | jɔ³³bja̰³³ | na⁵⁵gɯ⁵⁵gɯ⁵⁵la⁵⁵ȵa²¹ei³³ |
| 109 | shadow | a³³ba³³ | a⁵⁵ba⁵⁵(ba⁵⁵jɛ⁵⁵) |
| 110 | bright | bja⁵⁵tɕɛ⁵⁵ne⁵⁵, lɔ²¹kʰa⁵⁵ne⁵⁵ | jɤ³³bja³³ |
| 111 | dark | jɔ³³ɣɤŋ⁵⁵ | jɤ³³ɣɤŋ⁵⁵ |
| 112 | thunder | u²¹dʑɛ²¹dʑɛ²¹ | m²¹ʥe²¹ʥe²¹ |
| 113 | it thunders | tsʰo²¹dɛ̰³³ | m²¹ʥɛ²¹tʰɤŋ²¹tɛ̰³³tɛ̰³³ |
| 114 | soil, earth | mi⁵⁵tsʰa²¹ | mi⁵⁵tsʰa²¹ |
| 115 | stone | xa²¹lo̰³³ | xa²¹lo³³ |
| 116 | sand | kʰa⁵⁵ɕɯ³³ | kʰa⁵⁵ɕɤ²¹ |
| 117 | iron | ɕom⁵⁵~ɕoŋ⁵⁵ | ɕoŋ⁵⁵ |
| 118 | rust | ɕoŋ⁵⁵kʰɔ³³ | ɕoŋ⁵⁵kʰɔ³³ |
| 119 | gold | ɕɯ⁵⁵ | ɕɯ⁵⁵ |
| 120 | silver | pʰju⁵⁵ | pʰju³³ |
| 121 | copper | ɣɯ²¹ | ɣɯ²¹ |
| 122 | hill, mountain | gɔ²¹dʑɔ²¹ | gɔ²¹ʥɔ²¹ |
| 123 | valley | ga̰²¹ɤŋ⁵⁵ɤ³³ | xa²¹lo³³lo³³gu⁵⁵ |
| 124 | water | u⁵⁵tɕṵ³³ | ɤ³³ʨṵ²¹ |
| 125 | lake | lɔŋ³³ma̰³³ | lɔŋ³³ma̰³³ |
| 126 | river | lɔ⁵⁵ba²¹ | lɔ̰³³ɣɔ̰³³ |
| 127 | fire | mi²¹dza²¹ | mi²¹dza²¹ |
| 128 | smoke | u²¹xø²¹ | (mi²¹dza²¹) u²¹xø²¹ |
| 129 | house | ȵuŋ³³~juŋ³³ | juŋ³³ |
| 130 | roof | xɔ²¹bø²¹ | (juŋ³³) kʰɔ²¹bø²¹ |
| 131 | grave | tsʰɔ³³ɕi³³mɔ³³du²¹ | lm²¹bjuŋ⁵⁵ |
| 132 | to open | pʰɤŋ³³ | pʰɤŋ³³ |
| 133 | to close | ka̰²¹pʰi²¹ | pʰi²¹tʰɛ²¹ |
| 134 | pillar | dɤŋ³³lɤŋ³³ | xɔ³³zɤ³³ |
| 135 | door | lɛ⁵⁵ɔ̰³³ | la⁵⁵ɔ̰³³ |
| 136 | window | lɛ⁵⁵ɔ̰³³ja²¹ | la⁵⁵ɔ³³ɔ³³za²¹ |
| 137 | floor | tsʰɔ²¹du²¹ | juŋ³³dzoŋ³³ɣa³³ |
| 138 | key | mɔ²¹tɔ̰²¹tɔ̰²¹du⁵⁵ | mo²¹tɔ²¹tɔ²¹du⁵⁵ |
| 139 | mat | gɔ²¹pʰu³³ | ɣa̰³³la̰³³ |
| 140 | covering | a⁵⁵bɯ̰³³ | a⁵⁵bɯ̰³³ |
| 141 | pillow | uŋ³³ɣuŋ³³pʰa⁵⁵ɕi²¹ | u²¹gm²¹pʰa⁵⁵si²¹ |
| 142 | mosquito net | bɤ³³kʰa³³ | bɤ³³kʰa³³ |
| 143 | table | bo²¹da²¹ | dʑɔ̰²¹xa̰³³xɔ²¹dʑɛ³³, a⁵⁵bɔ⁵⁵xɔ²¹ʥɛ³³ |
| 144 | chair | nɤŋ⁵⁵da²¹ | nɤŋ⁵⁵ʥɛ̰³³, nɤŋ⁵⁵gɔ²¹, nɤŋ⁵⁵bo²¹ |
| 145 | to sweep | ja̰³³pʰjɔ⁵⁵ja̰³³ | ja²¹pʰjo⁵⁵ ja²¹[1] |
| 146 | to splash water | u⁵⁵tɕṵ²¹ɕɛ³³dzɛ³³ | ɤ³³ʨṵ²¹ xɔ̰²¹dzɛ̰³³ |
| 147 | knife | mi³³tɕʰɛ⁵⁵ | mi²¹ʨʰɛ³³ʥi³³ba²¹, mi²¹ʨʰɛ³³tʰɔ²¹ʨʰø²¹ |
| 148 | sword | mi⁵⁵tɕʰɛ⁵⁵tʰɤŋ³³ma³³ | mi²¹ʨʰɛ³³tʰɔ³³ma³³ |
| 149 | sickle | jɛ̰³³xo̰³³ | jɛ̰³³xo̰²¹ |
| 150 | to cut | dɤ³³xe³³, jɛ̰²¹ | lɯ̰³³tsɛ̰³³, jɛ̰²¹pa̰³³, jɛ̰²¹tsɛ̰³³ |
| 151 | nail | ɕoŋ⁵⁵tɕʰɛ³³ | ɕoŋ⁵⁵ʨʰɛ³³ |
| 152 | ladder | dɔ²¹dzuŋ³³ | dzo²¹dzm³³ |
| 153 | basket | xa³³dza̰³³ | xa²¹kʰa³³, kʰa²¹tʰu⁵⁵, etc. |
| 154 | rope | a⁵⁵tɕa̰³³ | a³³ʨa̰²¹ |
| 155 | stick | gɔ²¹jø²¹ | gɔ̰²¹jø²¹ |
| 156 | tail | dɔ²¹mi²¹ | dɔ²¹mi²¹ |
| 157 | horn | u²¹tɕʰø⁵⁵ | u²¹ʨʰy⁵⁵ |
| 158 | wing | a²¹dɤŋ⁵⁵ | a²¹dɤŋ⁵⁵ |
| 159 | tiger | xa²¹la²¹ | xa²¹la²¹ |
| 160 | elephant | ja̰³³ma̰³³ | ja̰³³ma̰³³ |
| 161 | mouse | xu³³tɕa̰²¹ | xo̰²¹ʨa̰²¹ |
| 162 | bird | a³³dʑi³³ | a̰³³ʥḭ³³ |
| 163 | to fly | ɣɔ̰³³ | ɣɔ³³ |
| 164 | egg | xa³³ṵ³³ | ɣa̰³³ṵ³³ |
| 165 | to lay egg | ṵ³³kʰa³³ | ɣa̰³³u³³ kʰa³³ |
| 166 | sparrow | xa²¹dʑa⁵⁵ | xa²¹ʥa⁵⁵ |
| 167 | crow | ɔ̰²¹a̰²¹ | ɔ̰²¹a̰²¹ |
| 168 | hawk | xa²¹dzɛ⁵⁵ | xa²¹dzɛ⁵⁵ |
| 169 | peacock | ɕoŋ⁵⁵dø²¹ | ɕm⁵⁵dø²¹ |
| 170 | buffalo | a²¹ȵo²¹ | a̰²¹ȵo²¹ |
| 171 | cat | a³³mi⁵⁵ | a⁵⁵mi⁵⁵ |
| 172 | beef | mo⁵⁵nɛ⁵⁵ɕa²¹dʑi⁵⁵ | mo³³ne³³ɕa²¹ʥi³³ |
| 173 | pig | a̰³³ɣa̰³³ | a̰²¹ɣa̰²¹ |
| 174 | pork | a̰³³ɣa̰³³ɕa²¹dʑi⁵⁵ | a̰²¹ɣa̰²¹ɕa²¹ʥi³³ |
| 175 | monkey | a⁵⁵mjo̰²¹ | a̰³³mjo̰²¹ |
| 176 | horse | mɔŋ²¹ | mɤŋ²¹ |
| 177 | rabbit | xo³³ | xo³³ |
| 178 | bear | xa²¹xm⁵⁵ | xa²¹xm⁵⁵ |
| 179 | dog | a²¹kʰɯ²¹ | a̰²¹kʰɯ²¹ |
| 180 | to bark | a²¹kʰɯ³³tsɛ̰³³ | a̰²¹kʰɯ²¹tsɛ̰²¹ |
| 181 | goat | tɕḭ³³mɛ̰³³ | ʨḭ²¹mɛ²¹ |
| 182 | cattle | mo⁵⁵nɛ⁵⁵ | mo³³ne³³ |
| 183 | chicken | a²¹xa̰³³ɕa²¹dʑi⁵⁵ | ɣa̰³³ʨḭ³³ɕa²¹ʥi³³ |
| 184 | duck | ɔ̰²¹a̰³³ | ɔ̰³³a̰³³[2] |
| 185 | bee | ɣa̰²¹bja²¹ | ɣa²¹bja²¹bja²¹ma̰³³ |
| 186 | fly | bø²¹sa̰³³a̰²¹ma̰³³ | bɯ²¹sa³³a̰²¹ma̰³³ |
| 187 | mosquito | tɕʰa⁵⁵gɔ³³a⁵⁵mɔ⁵⁵ | a̰²¹ʨʰa⁵⁵ʨʰa⁵⁵gɔ²¹ |
| 188 | spider | a⁵⁵pʰja³³lu³³wa³³ | a̰³³pʰja³³la̰²¹ka̰³³ |
| 189 | maggot | lu³³tʰɤŋ²¹ | lṵ³³tʰɤŋ²¹ |
| 190 | ant | a⁵⁵xo̰³³ | a̰³³xo³³ |
| 191 | butterfly | a̰⁵⁵lṵ³³ | a̰³³lu³³ |
| 192 | cicada | a⁵⁵ɕɤ⁵⁵ɕɤ⁵⁵nɔ³³ | a̰²¹ʥɛ²¹ |
| 193 | earthworm | bu²¹dʑø³³ | bu²¹ʥy³³ |
| 194 | centipede | la²¹ma³³tɕʰi⁵⁵ɕɛ⁵⁵ | a̰²¹ma̰²¹ʨʰi⁵⁵ɕɛ⁵⁵ |
| 195 | snake | a³³lɔ³³ | a̰³³lɔ³³(ma³³) |
| 196 | gecko | xa²¹lɔ³³lɔ³³dʑi⁵⁵, xa²¹lɔ³³bi³³dʑɛ³³ | a²¹jɛ³³ma⁵⁵bjɛ³³, mɔ⁵⁵bjɛ³³a̰²¹ma̰³³ |
| 197 | fish | ŋa²¹ɕa²¹ | ŋa²¹ɕa²¹ |
| 198 | shrimp | ȵi³³bɤŋ³³tɕʰu⁵⁵xo³³ | ȵi³³bɤŋ³³ʨʰi⁵⁵xo̰²¹ |
| 199 | crab | a⁵⁵kʰa³³ | a̰³³kʰa²¹ |
| 200 | frog | xa²¹pʰa²¹, xa²¹pʰa³³pʰa²¹tɕa̰²¹ | xa²¹pʰa²¹, xa²¹pʰa³³ʨa̰²¹ |
| 201 | eel | dɛ³³sø̰³³ | dɛ³³sø̰³³ |
| 202 | turtle | bø²¹ku⁵⁵, bø²¹bja³³ | bø²¹kṵ³³ |
| 203 | to fish with a rod | ŋa²¹dʑɤ̰³³dʑɤ̰³³ | ŋa²¹dʑɤ̰²¹dʑɤ²¹ |
| 204 | to hunt | ɕa²¹tʰɛ³³, a²¹dʑi³³bɤ̰³³ | ɕa²¹ʥo̰²¹tʰɛ³³ |
| 205 | to shoot | mi²¹bɤ̰³³ bɤ̰³³ | (ȵiŋ²¹bɤ³³) bɤ̰³³ |
| 206 | musket | bɤ̰³³ja²¹ | mi²¹bɤ³³jɤ³³dɤ̰³³, mi²¹bɤ³³jɤ³³məŋ⁵⁵ |
| 207 | to kill | sɛ̰²¹ | sḛ²¹ |
| 208 | seed | a⁵⁵nɤ̰³³ | a⁵⁵nɤ̰ŋ³³ |
| 209 | to seed | a⁵⁵nɤ̰³³xɤ²¹lo³³ | a⁵⁵nɤ̰ŋ³³ju⁵⁵do̰³³ |
| 210 | sprout | a³³bɤ̰²¹ | a³³by²¹ |
| 211 | stem | la³³kʰɤŋ²¹, a⁵⁵kʰɤŋ²¹ | a⁵⁵pa̰²¹pa̰²¹kʰɤŋ²¹ |
| 212 | tree | a³³bɔ³³ | a³³bɔ³³ |
| 213 | leaf | a⁵⁵pa̰²¹ | a⁵⁵pa̰²¹ |
| 214 | trunk | tʰi²¹kʰɤŋ²¹, tʰi²¹bɔ³³ | a³³bɔ³³jɤ²¹dɔ³³ |
| 215 | root | dɔ²¹tɕʰi⁵⁵ | du²¹ʨʰi⁵⁵ |
| 216 | grass | ja³³mo̰²¹ | ja⁵⁵mo̰²¹ |
| 217 | to grow | ɣɔ³³lø³³ȵi³³xɤ²¹la⁵⁵ | jɔ³³xɤ²¹xɤ²¹i⁵⁵ |
| 218 | to wither | ɣɤ³³i⁵⁵ | jɔ³³gɤ̰²¹gɤ̰²¹i⁵⁵ |
| 219 | flower | a⁵⁵jɛ³³ | a⁵⁵jɛ̰³³ |
| 220 | to bloom | a⁵⁵jɛ³³ pʰo²¹la⁵⁵ | a⁵⁵jɛ̰³³ pʰɛ³³la⁵⁵ |
| 221 | poppy | je²¹je³³a⁵⁵jɛ³³ | je²¹je³³a⁵⁵jɛ̰³³ |
| 222 | thorn | a²¹gɤŋ³³ | a̰²¹ɣɤŋ³³ |
| 223 | bean | a³³bɛ̰³³ | a⁵⁵bɛ̰³³ |
| 224 | bamboo | xa²¹dʑɔ̰³³ | ma³³sa²¹ |
| 225 | bamboo shoot | a³³bø̰²¹ | ma³³sa²¹a⁵⁵by²¹ |
| 226 | mushroom | a²¹xm³³ | a³³xm⁵⁵ |
| 227 | paddy plant | tɕʰɛ³³bɔ³³ | ʨʰɛ⁵⁵ʨʰɛ⁵⁵bɔ⁵⁵ |
| 228 | rice | xɔ²¹, tɕʰɛ³³ | xɔ²¹, ʨʰɛ⁵⁵ |
| 229 | corn | a⁵⁵dṵ³³, a²¹tɕɤ²¹ | a⁵⁵du³³ |
| 230 | wax gourd | ɤ⁵⁵pʰu²¹ | (u²¹ʥu²¹)u⁵⁵pʰu²¹ |
| 231 | cucumber | ɕi²¹xo²¹ | ɕi²¹xo²¹ |
| 232 | bitter melon | la²¹xa²¹ | ɕi²¹xo²¹xa²¹[3] |
| 233 | pumpkin | ma³³dɛ³³ | ma⁵⁵dɛ̰³³ |
| 234 | eggplant | ma³³xɤ³³ | ma⁵⁵xɯ³³ |
| 235 | tomato | ɣɔ³³mɤ⁵⁵lɤ⁵⁵mɤ³³ | ɔ̰²¹mɤ³³lɤ³³ |
| 236 | papaya | dɛ³³ma³³ŋa⁵⁵ɔ̰³³ | ʨʰi⁵⁵dzɤŋ⁵⁵ŋa̰³³bɛ̰³³ |
| 237 | sesame | nuŋ²¹ɕi²¹ | nuŋ²¹ɕi²¹~nm²¹ɕi²¹ |
| 238 | peanut | nɤŋ³³pʰɤŋ²¹ | nɤŋ³³pʰɔŋ²¹, la²¹bɤ²¹nɤ³³pʰɤŋ²¹ |
| 239 | ginger | tsʰɔ²¹tsɯ̰²¹ | tsʰɔ²¹tsɯ̰²¹ |
| 240 | fruit | a⁵⁵ɕi²¹ | a⁵⁵ɕi²¹ |
| 241 | banana | ŋa³³bɛ̰³³ | ŋa̰³³bɛ̰³³ |
| 242 | mango | dʑa⁵⁵ɔ̰²¹(a⁵⁵ɕi²¹) | ʥi⁵⁵ɔ̰²¹(a⁵⁵ɕi²¹) |
| 243 | orange | ɕi²¹lø³³ma⁵⁵dʑi²¹ | ɕi²¹lø³³ |
| 244 | mangosteen | ||
| 245 | tamarind | ɕi²¹bɛ²¹tɕʰɛ³³ | ɕi²¹ʨʰa²¹ma⁵⁵kʰa⁵⁵ |
| 246 | hog plums | pʰɛ³³lo²¹a³³ɕi²¹ | |
| 247 | jackfruits | ma⁵⁵mi²¹ | ma⁵⁵mi²¹ |
| 248 | sugar cane | pʰɔ²¹tɕʰø⁵⁵ | pʰɔ²¹ʨʰø⁵⁵ |
| 249 | betel nut | mɛ⁵⁵lɔ⁵⁵a⁵⁵ɕi²¹ | ʥa̰²¹ʥa̰²¹a³³ɕi²¹ |
| 250 | to plant | kʰa³³ | kʰa³³ |
| 251 | plow | tsʰɛ²¹ŋɔ²¹ | tsʰɛ²¹ |
| 252 | irrigated field | dɛ³³ma³³ | dɛ³³ma³³, dɛ³³ja⁵⁵ |
| 253 | upland field | ja³³ | dɤŋ³³ta²¹, dɤŋ³³ja³³ |
| 254 | oil | ɣa̰²¹tsʰi⁵⁵ | ɣa̰²¹tsʰi⁵⁵ (pig's oil) |
| 255 | salt | tsa̰²¹lɤ̰²¹ | tsʰa²¹dɤ̰²¹ |
| 256 | sugar | tsa̰²¹lɤ̰²¹tsa̰²¹tɕʰø⁵⁵ | nam²¹ta³³ (< Lao), pʰɔ²¹ʨa̰²¹ |
| 257 | chilli | la²¹pʰi⁵⁵ | la²¹pʰi⁵⁵ |
| 258 | tea | lɔ⁵⁵bɔ²¹ | lɔ⁵⁵bo²¹ |
| 259 | wine | dʑi⁵⁵ba²¹ | ʥi⁵⁵ba²¹ |
| 260 | cigarette/tobacco | ja⁵⁵xɔ²¹, ja⁵⁵xɔ²¹xɔ²¹xa³³ | ja⁵⁵xɔ²¹, ja⁵⁵xɔ²¹xa³³ |
| 261 | to cook rice | xɔ²¹ɤŋ⁵⁵ɤŋ⁵⁵ | xɔ²¹ m⁵⁵[4] |
| 262 | firewood | mi²¹dza³³(mi²¹kʰɔ²¹) | mi²¹dza²¹ |
| 263 | pot | ø̰²¹lɤŋ²¹ | mɔ²¹sɤ⁵⁵, gɤ²¹pʰəŋ⁵⁵ |
| 264 | to boil | pu²¹ | pu²¹ |
| 265 | to roast | pɤ³³ | pɯ̰³³ |
| 266 | cloth | ɣɔ³³mɔ³³mɛ²¹tsʰø²¹ | pʰɛ⁵⁵xɤŋ²¹mi²¹ʨʰɛ⁵⁵, mjo²¹tsʰø²¹ |
| 267 | to sew | mɛ²¹tsʰø²¹gṵ²¹ | mjo²¹tsʰø³³gṵ²¹ |
| 268 | needle | a̰²¹ɣɔ̰²¹ | a̰²¹ɣɔ̰²¹ |
| 269 | thread | a̰²¹ɣɔ̰²¹kʰɤŋ⁵⁵mi³³ | sa²¹kʰɤŋ⁵⁵ |
| 270 | to knit | kʰa⁵⁵ja³³jɤ̰²¹ | a³³jɛ̰³³tso̰³³ |
| 271 | to dye | sa³³pʰa⁵⁵na̰³³ | sa³³pʰa⁵⁵ pu²¹ |
| 272 | to wash clothes | lɛ²¹tsʰi²¹ | lɛ̰²¹tsʰi²¹ |
| 273 | to sun clothes | ɣɤ³³lɔ̰²¹, ɣɤ³³lɛ⁵⁵ŋa⁵³, u²¹tsʰa⁵⁵lɔ̰²¹ | ɣɤ³³lɔ²¹, lɔ²¹ɣɤ³³, u²¹tsʰa⁵⁵ɣɤ⁵⁵lɔ³³ |
| 274 | clothes | pʰɛ³³xɤŋ²¹mi²¹tɕʰɛ⁵⁵ | pʰɛ⁵⁵xɤŋ²¹ |
| 275 | hat | u²¹xo̰³³ | ṵ²¹xo̰³³ |
| 276 | button | pʰɛ³³tɔ̰²¹ | pʰɛ⁵⁵tɔ̰²¹ |
| 277 | shoes | sɛ²¹nɔ̰³³ | sɛ²¹nɔ̰³³ |
| 278 | to make | uŋ⁵⁵mjo²¹uŋ⁵⁵ | m⁵⁵mjo²¹m⁵⁵ |
| 279 | to break | ga̰³³pa̰³³ | jɔ̰³³pa̰³³ |
| 280 | to wear | duŋ³³~dm³³ | dm³³ |
| 281 | to undress | lɛ̰³³ | lɛ̰³³ |
| 282 | road | ga⁵⁵ma³³ | ga⁵⁵ma³³ |
| 283 | village | pʰu³³ | pʰu³³ |
| 284 | to carry on the back | pʰi⁵⁵ | pʰi³³ |
| 285 | to buy | ɣɤ⁵⁵ɣɤ̰³³ | ɣɤ³³ |
| 286 | to sell | ɤŋ²¹ | ɤŋ²¹ |
| 287 | to get | ɣa²¹la⁵⁵ŋa̰³³ | la̰³³ɣa̰³³ |
| 288 | to lose | mɛ²¹gɤŋ²¹pi³³i⁵⁵ŋa̰³³ | m⁵⁵mjo²¹ pi²¹i⁵⁵ |
| 289 | market | ga⁵⁵i⁵⁵dʑu²¹i⁵⁵ɤ³³ | ga³³ |
| 290 | money | pʰju⁵⁵ | (sɯ⁵⁵ɣa²¹)pʰju⁵⁵ |
| 291 | rich | sɔ⁵⁵mɤ²¹ja²¹ȵi⁵⁵ | sm⁵⁵mɤŋ²¹a²¹ȵi⁵⁵ |
| 292 | poor | jɔ³³ɕa²¹ | ji⁵⁵ɕa²¹ji⁵⁵tʰɔ³³ |
| 293 | to steal | su⁵⁵xø²¹xø²¹ | suŋ⁵⁵xø²¹xø²¹ |
| 294 | to speak | dɔ³³dʑa³³dʑa⁵⁵ɔ²¹ | ŋɛ²¹, dɔ²¹ŋɛ²¹ŋɛ²¹ |
| 295 | to ask | na⁵⁵xa²¹ | do²¹na⁵⁵na⁵⁵xa²¹ |
| 296 | to answer | ɛ³³mɛ²¹ | ʥa³³mɛ²¹ |
| 297 | to call | kʰu⁵⁵ | kʰu⁵⁵ |
| 298 | (autonym) language | a⁵⁵dʑɔ⁵⁵a²¹kʰa³³ɤ³³dɔ²¹ | bu³³li²¹a²¹kʰa³³ɤ²¹kʰu⁵⁵ʥɛ²¹ |
| 299 | Lao language | la²¹o³³dɔ²¹ | la³³ɔ³³ɤ³³dɔ²¹ |
| 300 | Chinese language | la²¹bɤ̰³³ɤ³³dɔ²¹ | la³³bɤ³³ɤ³³dɔ²¹ |
| 301 | to write | sɤŋ²¹bɔ²¹bɔ²¹ | (sɤ²¹ɣa²¹) bo̰²¹ |
| 302 | to read | sɤ²¹ɣa²¹ ɣɤ³³ | (sɤ²¹ɣa²¹) ɣɤ̰³³ |
| 303 | letter | dɔ²¹tsa̰²¹tsa̰²¹nɛ̰²¹ɤ³³ | sɤ²¹ɣa²¹ ɕa⁵⁵la²¹ŋa³³, sɤ²¹ɣa²¹ ɕa⁵⁵i²¹ŋa³³ |
| 304 | book | sɤ²¹ɣa²¹pʰa⁵⁵dɤŋ²¹ | sɤ²¹ɣa²¹ pa⁵⁵dm²¹ |
| 305 | paper | sɤ²¹ɣa²¹ | sɤ²¹ɣa²¹~sɔ²¹ɣa²¹ |
| 306 | to stick | mjɤŋ³³lɛ⁵⁵ | (dɛ̰²¹)mjɤŋ²¹ |
| 307 | to play | ȵi⁵⁵ɣɛ̰³³ | ɣa³³i⁵⁵ |
| 308 | story | dɔ³³mɔ³³dɔ³³ø⁵⁵ | ga̰³³dza²¹ |
| 309 | to tell a story | dø³³dø³³ɛ³³ dʑa³³ | ga̰³³dza²¹ ʥa̰³³ |
| 310 | song | dɔ²¹tɕʰa⁵⁵ | ʨʰa⁵⁵ |
| 311 | to dance | ȵɛ³³ | ga³³ȵɛ³³ȵɛ³³, tsʰɔ²¹ |
| 312 | to win | tʰi³³ɣa³³i³³ma³³bi⁵⁵dʑa⁵⁵ | ɣa²¹ma³³ |
| 313 | to lose a game | ma³³ɣa³³le⁵⁵ȵa³³ | ma²¹ɣa²¹ |
| 314 | to get tired | ɣa²¹dø⁵⁵dø⁵⁵ | ɣa²¹dø³³dø³³ |
| 315 | to rest | ɣa³³na³³na³³ | ɣa²¹na²¹na²¹ |
| 316 | to sleep | jṵ²¹xa̰³³ | ju²¹xa³³ |
| 317 | to dream | jṵ²¹ma̰³³ma̰³³ | ju²¹ma³³ma³³ |
| 318 | to get up | jṵ²¹xa̰³³ɤ³³tʰu⁵⁵ɔ²¹ | nø²¹la⁵⁵ |
| 319 | to die | ɕi⁵⁵xa̰³³ | ɕi³³xa²¹ |
| 320 | age | a⁵⁵xo̰³³ | a³³xo̰²¹ |
| 321 | to be ill | ma²¹jɛ⁵⁵ȵa³³ | ʥo⁵⁵sa⁵⁵ma²¹do³³ |
| 322 | painful | mɔ⁵⁵du³³na⁵⁵ | jo³³pʰi⁵⁵jo³³lɔŋ⁵⁵(lɔŋ⁵⁵) |
| 323 | to hiccough | ɤ⁵⁵tɤ̰³³tɤ̰³³ȵa³³ | ɯ̰³³tɯ̰²¹tɯ̰²¹ |
| 324 | to talk in one’s sleep | dɔ²¹dʑa³³dʑa³³ma̰³³ma̰³³ | dɔ²¹ŋɛ³³ŋɛ³³ma̰³³ma̰³³ |
| 325 | louse | ɕɛ³³mɔ³³ | ɕɛ⁵⁵mɔ⁵⁵, kʰɯ²¹ɕɛ⁵⁵ |
| 326 | medicine | dʑa³³ɣa²¹ | ja̰²¹ɣa²¹ |
| 327 | bow | ka̰³³ | da³³pjɤ̰³³ |
| 328 | arrow | ka̰³³mja²¹ | ka³³mja²¹ |
| 329 | name | tsʰɔ⁵⁵mjɤŋ⁵⁵ | tsʰɔ³³mjɤŋ³³ |
| 330 | father | a̰²¹da̰³³ | a²¹da̰³³ |
| 331 | mother | a̰²¹ma̰³³ | a²¹ma̰³³ |
| 332 | husband | a²¹jo³³ | xa²¹ʥi⁵⁵ |
| 333 | wife | a²¹bu⁵⁵ | mi²¹za²¹ |
| 334 | son | jɔ³³dʑi⁵⁵ | a²¹jo̰³³ |
| 335 | daughter | mi²¹ja²¹ | a²¹bu³³ |
| 336 | child | dʑa³³ja²¹ | ʥa³³dza²¹ti⁵⁵ |
| 337 | elder brother | a³³gɔ̰³³ | a³³gɔ̰³³ |
| 338 | younger brother | a²¹ȵi⁵⁵ | a²¹ȵi⁵⁵ |
| 339 | elder sister | a⁵⁵jɤ̰³³ | a⁵⁵jɤ̰²¹ |
| 340 | younger sister | du⁵⁵ma̰³³ | a²¹ȵi⁵⁵ |
| 341 | grandfather | a²¹bɔ⁵⁵ | a²¹bɔ⁵⁵ |
| 342 | grandmother | a²¹pʰi²¹ | a²¹pʰi²¹ |
| 343 | grandchild | ø²¹pʰa²¹ | ø̰²¹pʰa²¹ |
| 344 | uncle | a²¹ɣɔ⁵⁵, a²¹ɣø̰³³, a²¹mɤ³³ | da⁵⁵da³³, a²¹ɣɔ⁵⁵, a²¹ɣø³³, ø⁵⁵xa²¹ |
| 345 | aunt | a²¹xo²¹, a̰³³jɤ̰²¹, tɕʰi⁵⁵ma̰³³ | a²¹xo²¹, a²¹ȵi⁵⁵, ʨʰi⁵⁵ma⁵⁵ |
| 346 | cousin | a²¹tɕʰɤŋ³³ | a²¹jɤ³³za²¹, a²¹ȵi⁵⁵za²¹ |
| 347 | friend | bɔ³³gɔ²¹ | lɔ²¹gɯ̰³³ (male), a²¹jɛ⁵⁵ (female) |
| 348 | male/man | a²¹jo³³ | a²¹jo³³ |
| 349 | female/woman | a²¹bu⁵⁵ | a²¹bu⁵⁵ |
| 350 | man/human being | tsʰɔ⁵⁵xa²¹(a³³ja²¹) | tsʰɔ⁵⁵xa²¹ |
| 351 | (autonym) people | dʑi²¹dʑɔ⁵⁵a²¹kʰa³³ɤ³³a̰²¹ma̰³³ | bu³³li³³a²¹kʰa²¹ɤ²¹tsʰɔ⁵⁵xa²¹ |
| 352 | Lao people | la²¹ɔ³³ɤ³³tsʰɔ⁵⁵xa²¹ | la³³ɔ³³ɤ³³ tsʰɔ⁵⁵xa²¹ |
| 353 | Chinese people | la²¹bɤ̰²¹ɤ³³tsʰɔ⁵⁵xa²¹ | la²¹bɤ̰²¹ ɤ³³ tsʰɔ⁵⁵xa²¹ |
| 354 | doctor | na²¹mɔ³³ | nai²¹mɔ³³ (< Lao) |
| 355 | teacher | na²¹kʰu²¹, a³³tɕa³³ | nai²¹kʰu²¹ (< Lao), a³³ʨan³³ (< Lao) |
| 356 | shaman | ȵi⁵⁵pʰa²¹, bø⁵⁵mɔ²¹ | ʨʰe⁵⁵tsʰi²¹ʨʰi³³xɔ³³ |
| 357 | god, spirit | nḛ³³ | nḛ²¹ |
| 358 | temple | wa̰³³ | |
| 359 | priest | pʰɛ⁵⁵ɕɯ⁵⁵do²¹lo³³, pʰa⁵⁵ɕɯ⁵⁵ja²¹ | |
| 360 | to marry | mi²¹ja²¹dɤŋ²¹dza²¹, mi²¹ja²¹ɕɤ²¹ | mi²¹za²¹ɕɤ²¹dɤŋ²¹dza²¹ |
| 361 | to meet with | tʰɤŋ²¹dzø⁵⁵, i⁵⁵dzø⁵⁵ | xɔ³³mɔ⁵⁵ |
| 362 | to wait for | dɔ²¹(tʰɔ²¹) | dɔ̰²¹ |
| 363 | to give to | bḭ³³nɛ²¹ | bḭ²¹ |
| 364 | to use | mɛ²¹xɛ⁵⁵xɛ⁵⁵ | mɛ²¹xɛ⁵⁵ xɛ⁵⁵ |
| 365 | to look for | i⁵⁵mo⁵⁵, la⁵⁵mo⁵⁵ | ʨʰa⁵⁵ʨʰɔ³³ |
| 366 | to laugh | ɯ⁵⁵ | ɯ⁵⁵ |
| 367 | to love | ɣɔ²¹ɕa²¹ga̰²¹ | ȵø²¹ta̰²¹ |
| 368 | to fear, to be afraid of | gṵ³³(la⁵⁵ȵa³³ | gṵ²¹(la³³)ȵa²¹e³³ |
| 369 | to be frightened | tsʰɔ²¹gṵ⁵⁵(ȵa³³) | nɤ³³ma³³ga³³kʰa³³ȵa²¹e³³ |
| 370 | to be surprised | nø²¹gṵ³³la⁵⁵ȵa³³ | nɤ³³ma³³ga³³kʰa³³[5] |
| 371 | to know | ɕi²¹ȵa³³ | ɕi²¹ȵa³³ |
| 372 | to remember | nø²¹dṵ²¹(tʰa³³ma⁵⁵) | nø̰²¹dṵ²¹tʰa²¹ma³³ |
| 373 | to forget | ŋɛ⁵⁵(ȵa³³) | ŋɛ⁵⁵(ȵa³³) |
| 374 | cold | jɔ³³ŋɛ⁵⁵, ɤ²¹ga̰³³ga̰³³ | jɔ³³ŋɛ⁵⁵(ŋɛ⁵⁵) |
| 375 | hot | u²¹tsʰa⁵⁵tsʰa⁵⁵ȵa³³ | jɔ³³lɔŋ⁵⁵ |
| 376 | hungry | xɔ²¹mɛ̰³³(ȵa⁵⁵) | xɔ²¹mɛ̰²¹ |
| 377 | thirsty | ɤ⁵⁵tɕṵ³³mɛ̰²¹la⁵⁵ȵa³³ | ɤ³³ʨṵ²¹mɛ̰²¹ |
| 378 | drunk | dʑi⁵⁵ba²¹jɛ̰²¹ȵa³³, bu²¹dʑu⁵⁵dʑu⁵⁵ȵa³³ | jɛ̰²¹ |
| 379 | delicious | jɔ³³kʰɯ⁵⁵ | jɔ³³kʰɯ⁵⁵ |
| 380 | sweet | jɔ³³tɕʰø⁵⁵ | jɔ³³ʨʰø⁵⁵ |
| 381 | sour | jɔ³³tɕʰɛ⁵⁵ | jɔ³³ʨʰɛ⁵⁵ |
| 382 | pepper hot | la²¹pʰi⁵⁵(pʰi⁵⁵) | la²¹pʰi⁵⁵(pʰi⁵⁵) |
| 383 | salty | jɔ³³ta̰³³ | tsa̰²¹dɤ̰²¹ ta̰³³ |
| 384 | thing | mɛ²¹gɤŋ²¹mɛ²¹ma̰³³ | mɛ²¹gɤŋ²¹, m⁵⁵mjo²¹ |
| 385 | big | jɔ³³xɤ²¹(xɤ²¹) | jɔ³³xɤ²¹ |
| 386 | small | jɔ³³ȵi⁵⁵ | jɔ³³ȵi⁵⁵ |
| 387 | tall, high | jɔ³³go⁵⁵ | jɤ³³gɔ⁵⁵[6] |
| 388 | low | jɔ³³ɔ̰³³ | jɔ³³ɣɔ̰³³ |
| 389 | long | jɔ³³mɔ⁵⁵ | jɔ³³mɤŋ⁵⁵ |
| 390 | short | jɔ³³dɤ³³ | jɔ³³ȵm⁵⁵ |
| 391 | broad, wide | jɔ³³gɛ⁵⁵gɛ⁵⁵ | jɔ³³ʥɛ⁵⁵ |
| 392 | narrow | jɔ³³sṵ²¹ | jɔ³³sṵ²¹ |
| 393 | thick | jɔ³³tʰu⁵⁵ | jɔ³³tʰu⁵⁵ |
| 394 | thin | jɔ³³ba²¹ | jɤ³³ba²¹ |
| 395 | deep | jɔ³³na̰²¹(na̰²¹) | jɤ³³na̰²¹ |
| 396 | shallow | ma²¹na̰²¹ŋa³³ | ma²¹na̰²¹ |
| 397 | smooth | di⁵⁵dɛ³³ȵi⁵⁵ | jɤ³³sa⁵⁵ |
| 398 | rough | ɣø³³nu⁵⁵ | jɤ³³nɛ²¹ |
| 399 | round | lɤŋ³³dɤ⁵⁵ȵi³³ | jɤ³³lɔŋ³³ |
| 400 | sharp | jɔ³³ta̰³³(ta̰³³), ta̰³³ju⁵⁵ȵi³³ | jɤ³³ta̰³³ |
| 401 | dull | jɔ³³dɔ³³dɔ³³ | ma²¹ta̰³³, ma²¹tɕʰɛ³³ |
| 402 | pointed | jɔ³³tɕʰɛ³³tɕʰɛ³³ | (jɤ³³)ʨʰɛ³³, jɔ³³dɔ³³, jɔ³³jø³³ |
| 403 | color | si³⁵ | si³³ (< Lao) |
| 404 | red | jɔ³³ne⁵⁵ | jɔ³³nɛ³³ |
| 405 | yellow | jɔ²¹ɕɯ⁵⁵ | jɔ³³ɕɯ⁵⁵ |
| 406 | blue | jɔ³³pʰɤ⁵⁵ | jɔ³³pʰɤ⁵⁵ |
| 407 | white | jɔ³³pʰju⁵⁵ | jɔ³³ba̰³³ |
| 408 | black | jɔ³³na̰³³ | jɔ³³na̰³³ |
| 409 | green | jɔ³³ȵø⁵⁵ | jɔ³³ȵø⁵⁵ |
| 410 | sound, noise | tʰɛ⁵⁵sa⁵⁵ | tʰe⁵⁵sa⁵⁵ |
| 411 | light | jɔ³³pʰja⁵⁵ | jɤ³³pʰja⁵⁵ |
| 412 | heavy | jɔ³³kʰɤŋ³³ | jɔ³³kʰɔŋ³³ |
| 413 | dry | jɔ³³ɣɯ³³ | jɔ³³gɯ̰³³ |
| 414 | wet | jɔ³³tɕʰi²¹ | jɔ³³ɣa̰²¹ |
| 415 | soft | jɔ³³nɤŋ²¹ | jɔ³³bjḛ³³ |
| 416 | hard | jɔ³³ɣɤŋ⁵⁵ | jɔ³³ɣɔŋ⁵⁵ |
| 417 | full | jɔ³³bjɤŋ³³ | bjɤŋ³³la⁵⁵ |
| 418 | new | jɔ³³ɕɯ̰²¹ | jɔ³³ɕɯ̰²¹ |
| 419 | old | jɔ³³ø⁵⁵ | jɔ³³ø⁵⁵ |
| 420 | raw | jɔ³³dʑuŋ²¹~jɔ³³dʑm²¹ | jɤ³³ʥm²¹ |
| 421 | done, ripe | jɔ³³dʑa̰²¹ | jɔ³³ʥa̰²¹ |
| 422 | good | jɔ³³mɯ²¹ | jɤ³³mɯ²¹ |
| 423 | bad | ma²¹mɯ²¹ | ma²¹mɯ²¹ |
| 424 | difficult | jɔ³³xa̰³³ | jɤ³³xa̰³³ |
| 425 | easy | jɔ³³ja⁵⁵ | jɤ³³ɣɔ̰²¹ |
| 426 | expensive | jɔ³³pʰø²¹ | jɔ³³pʰø²¹, a⁵⁵pʰø²¹jɔ³³xa⁵⁵ |
| 427 | cheap | ju⁵⁵tɕʰø⁵⁵ŋa⁵³ | ma²¹pʰø²¹ |
| 428 | clean | jɔ³³ɕɔ⁵⁵ | jɤ³³ɕɔ⁵⁵ |
| 429 | dirty | jɔ³³tɕa̰²¹ | jɤ³³ʨa̰²¹ |
| 430 | gentle | nuŋ³³ma³³jɔ³³mɯ²¹ | nɤ³³ma³³jɤ³³mɯ²¹ |
| 431 | angry | nuŋ³³ma³³jɔ³³xa̰²¹ | nɤ³³ma³³ma²¹mɯ²¹ |
| 432 | happy, glad | jɔ³³mɯ²¹mɯ²¹ɛ⁵⁵dʑɔ⁵⁵ | nɤ³³nø²¹jɤ³³sa⁵⁵ |
| 433 | ashamed | ɕa̰²¹dɔ⁵⁵bɔ̰³³ | ɕa̰²¹dɔ⁵⁵bɔ³³, ɕa̰²¹dɔ⁵⁵dɔ⁵⁵ |
| 434 | stupid | jɔ²¹xa̰³³(ɛ³³) dɤ³³(ŋa³³) | a̰²¹dzɔ̰²¹a̰²¹ka̰²¹ |
| 435 | clever | jɔ³³gɤŋ⁵⁵(ŋa³³) | ma²¹dzɔ̰²¹ma²¹ka̰²¹ |
| 436 | quick, fast | jɔ³³ɣø⁵⁵(ɣø⁵⁵) | jɤ³³kʰɔ⁵⁵ |
| 437 | slow | jɔ³³ga̰³³ | ma²¹kʰɔ⁵⁵, jɤ³³ga³³ |
| 438 | early | jɔ³³na̰²¹ | jɔ³³na̰²¹ |
| 439 | fat | jɔ³³tsʰu⁵⁵ | jɤ³³tsʰu⁵⁵ |
| 440 | thin | jɔ³³ko̰⁵⁵ | jɤ³³jɛ̰²¹ |
| 441 | old of age | ja²¹mɔ²¹ | mɔ²¹i⁵⁵ |
| 442 | young of age | ja²¹gu²¹ | za²¹gu²¹ |
| 443 | year | a⁵⁵xo̰³³ | a⁵⁵xo̰²¹ |
| 444 | this year | tsɤ³³nɤ⁵⁵xo̰³³ | tsɯ̰³³nɤŋ³³xo̰²¹ |
| 445 | last year | mi⁵⁵nɤŋ³³xo̰³³ | mi⁵⁵nɤŋ³³xo̰²¹ |
| 446 | next year | a²¹kʰa⁵⁵nḛ³³ja̰³³xo̰³³ | nɛ̰²¹ja̰²¹xo̰²¹ |
| 447 | month | ba³³la³³ | ba³³la³³ |
| 448 | this month | ba³³la³³xɤ³³ɕi²¹ | ba³³la³³ȵm⁵⁵ɕi²¹ |
| 449 | last month | mi⁵⁵nɤ³³nɤŋ³³ɕi²¹ | ba³³la³³mi⁵⁵nɤŋ²¹ɕi²¹ |
| 450 | next month | xɤ²¹sɤŋ⁵⁵ja³³ta²¹a³³ɕi²¹ | ba³³la³³a²¹kʰa⁵⁵ɕi²¹ |
| 451 | now | ȵuŋ³⁵xɤ²¹la̰²¹, xɤ³³ja²¹ma³³, xɤ³³po³³la̰²¹ | ȵm³³ |
| 452 | today | i²¹nɤŋ³³ | i²¹nɤŋ³³ |
| 453 | yesterday | mi⁵⁵nɤŋ³³ | mi⁵⁵nɤŋ³³ |
| 454 | tomorrow | ȵi³³ɕɤ²¹nɤŋ³³ | nɤŋ³³ɕɔ²¹nɤŋ³³ |
| 455 | everyday | a²¹jɔ³³nɤŋ³³a²¹jɔ²¹ | a²¹jɔ²¹nɤŋ³³a²¹jɔ²¹ |
| 456 | morning | u²¹ɕɔ³³pʰɔ³³ | u²¹ɕɔ²¹jɤ³³na̰²¹ |
| 457 | noon | nɤŋ³³ɣɤŋ⁵⁵ | nɤŋ³³ɣɤŋ⁵⁵ |
| 458 | evening | u²¹tɕi³³tɕi²¹tʰɔ³³ | m²¹tɕi³³tʰɔ³³ |
| 459 | night | u²¹tɕi³³ | m²¹tɕi²¹ |
| 460 | rainy season | u²¹jɛ⁵⁵jɛ⁵⁵ɤ³³jam²¹ | jɛ³³ɣɤŋ³³jam²¹ |
| 461 | cold season | ɤ²¹ga̰³³ga̰³³ɤ³³jam²¹ | tsɛ²¹ga³³jam²¹ |
| 462 | above | la²¹ta̰³³pʰɔ³³ | xɔ³³ta̰³³, a²¹ta̰³³ |
| 463 | below | dɤŋ²¹dɤŋ³³pʰɔ³³ | a²¹ɔ̰³³ |
| 464 | inside | la²¹xø⁵⁵ | la²¹xø⁵⁵ |
| 465 | outside | la²¹ȵi⁵⁵ | la²¹ȵi⁵⁵ |
| 466 | front | bø²¹tʰɛ⁵⁵pʰɔ³³ | mi²¹ɕi⁵⁵pʰɔ⁵⁵ |
| 467 | back | na⁵⁵xɤŋ³³pʰɔ³³ | na⁵⁵xɤŋ³³pʰɔ³³ |
| 468 | north | xø⁵⁵ta̰³³pʰɔ³³ | a²¹ta̰³³pʰɔ³³ |
| 469 | south | dɤŋ²¹dɤŋ³³pʰɔ³³ | a²¹ɔ̰³³pʰɔ³³ |
| 470 | east | nuŋ⁵⁵ma³³do̰³³xɛ²¹ | nɤ⁵⁵ma³³do²¹la⁵⁵pʰɔ³³ |
| 471 | west | nuŋ⁵⁵ma³³ga³³xɛ²¹ | nɤ⁵⁵ma³³ga³³i⁵⁵pʰɔ³³ |
| 472 | far | ɣɔ²¹mɔ⁵⁵ȵi²¹kʰa²¹ | jɤ³³mɤŋ⁵⁵kʰa²¹ |
| 473 | near | dɔ²¹pʰɛ³³ | dɔ²¹pʰɛ³³ |
| 474 | to come | la³³ | la⁵⁵ |
| 475 | to go | i⁵⁵ | i⁵⁵ |
| 476 | to return | o²¹le³³, o²¹la³³ | o²¹le⁵⁵, o²¹la⁵⁵ |
| 477 | to enter | u³³ | u⁵⁵(la⁵⁵) |
| 478 | to exit | do³³ | do̰³³(i⁵⁵) |
| 479 | to climb, to ascend | da̰²¹ | po̰³³, da³³le⁵⁵ |
| 480 | to descend | da̰²¹kʰa³³le³³ | da²¹kʰa⁵⁵le⁵⁵ |
| 481 | to fall | ga³³kʰa³³ | ga³³kʰa³³ |
| 482 | I | ŋa³³ | ŋa⁵⁵ |
| 483 | you, thou | nɔ³³ | nɔ⁵⁵ |
| 484 | he, she | tʰɤ³³ɣa²¹ | tʰɤ⁵⁵ɣa²¹/nɔ⁵⁵[7] |
| 485 | we | ŋa³³ma̰²¹, a̰³³dɤ̰³³ma̰²¹ | ŋɔ⁵⁵dɤ²¹ma²¹, ŋa³³ma̰²¹ (EXCL) |
| 486 | you, ye | nuŋ³³ma̰²¹ | nuŋ³³ma̰²¹ |
| 487 | they | xø⁵⁵bɔ³³ma̰²¹ | xø⁵⁵bɔ²¹ |
| 488 | who | a̰²¹so³³ɣa²¹ | a²¹su³³ɣa²¹ |
| 489 | this | xɤ³³ | xɤ³³ʥɛ²¹ |
| 490 | that | xø⁵⁵ | xø⁵⁵ʥɛ²¹ |
| 491 | what | a²¹dʑɛ²¹ | a²¹ʥɛ²¹ |
| 492 | where | a̰²¹ga³³ | a²¹ga⁵⁵(dɛ⁵⁵) |
| 493 | why | a̰²¹dʑɛ³³ | a²¹ʥɛ²¹ŋa²¹ |
| 494 | very | jɔ³³xa̰⁵⁵mɯ²¹a³³ | jɔ³³mɯ²¹mi⁵⁵ȵa³³ (very good) |
| 495 | still | si²¹ | ma²¹dza²¹ɤ³³ɕi²¹ (I have not eaten yet.) |
Sentences[edit]
| no. | gloss | Akha Chicho | Akha Buli |
|---|---|---|---|
| 496 | I am (autonym). | ŋa³³ a²¹kʰa³³ɤ³³dʑi²¹dʑɔ³³a̰²¹ma̰³³ | ŋa⁵⁵ bu³³li²¹ ɤ²¹ a²¹kʰa²¹. |
| 497 | I am not (autonym). | ŋa³³ a²¹kʰa³³ɤ³³dʑi²¹dʑɔ³³a̰³³ma̰³³ma²¹ŋɯ³³ | ŋa⁵⁵ bu³³li²¹ ɤ²¹ a²¹kʰa²¹ma²¹ŋɯ⁵⁵ |
| 498 | I have … | ŋa³³ ja²¹ suŋ³³ɣa²¹dʑɔ³³ (I have three children.) | ŋa⁵⁵ za²¹ sm⁵⁵ɣa²¹ ʥo⁵⁵ma⁵⁵. (I have three children.), ŋa⁵⁵ pʰju⁵⁵ dʑa³³ ma⁵⁵. (I have money.) |
| 499 | I came from Vientiane. | ŋa³³xø⁵⁵ba²¹wieŋ²¹tɕaŋ³³=nɛ³³la⁵³dɛ³³ | ŋa⁵⁵ bieŋ²¹ʨaŋ³³ nɛ²¹ la⁵³ ɤ²¹ ma³³. |
| 500 | I will go to Vientiane. | ŋa³³ wieŋ²¹tɕaŋ³³i⁵⁵dɛ⁵⁵ | ŋa⁵⁵ bieŋ²¹ʨaŋ³³ lɛ²¹ i⁵⁵ ma⁵⁵. |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ /ja21phjo55/ means ‘bloom’, hence the verb root for ‘to sweep’ is /ja21/.
- ^ The word for ‘duck’ is /ɔ̰33a̰33/, which tonally differs from the word for ‘crow’ /ɔ̰21a̰21/ (#167). Both of them are derived from onomatopoeic words, though ‘duck’ and ‘crow’ are described as /pi55pi55/ and /ɔ11a55/, respectively, in Ko-Puli by Kingsada and Shintani (1999: 240).
- ^ The syllable of this word /xa21/ can be construed as ‘bitter’.
- ^ /xɔ21/ and /m55/ in this phrase are construed as ‘meal’ and ‘to make’, respectively.
- ^ This Akha Buli phrase is literally construed as “the mind (/nɤ33ma33/) falls (/ga33kha33/)’’.
- ^ The citation form of Akha Buli adjectives in Laos consists of a prefix and a root. The adjective prefix is jɔ- or jɤ-, the latter of which may not be found in other Akha Buli varieties. As for the word ‘tall’, Kingsada and Shintani (1999: 247) describes /jɔ33go55/ in Ko-Puli of Phongsaly (Laos), and Lewis (1968: 334) states yaw goˇ (approximately /jɔ˧ go˥/) in Jeuˬ g’oeˬ (Puli) of Kengtung (Burma/Myanmar).
- ^ /thɤ55ɣa21/ literally means ‘that person’ (thɤ55 ‘that’ +ɣa21 ‘classifier for human’). /nɔ55/ originally denotes second person singular, but in Akha Buli natural conversation it can be used for third person singular as well. Kingsada and Shintani (1999: 251) describe /xɯ55ɣa11/ for ‘he, she’, which literally seems to mean ‘this person’. This issue should be examined in later analyses.
References[edit]
- Hayashi, Norihiko. 2016. A Phonological Sketch of Akha Buli: A Lolo-Burmese language of Muang Sing, Laos. 神戸市外国語大学外国学研究 [Kobe University of Foreign Studies, Foreign Language Studies] 92: 67-98. Kobe: Kobe University of Foreign Studies.
- Hayashi, Norihiko. 2018. A Phonological Sketch of Akha Chicho: A Lolo-Burmese language of Luang Namtha, Laos. Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018). Kyoto: Kyoto University.