calad

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Old Irish

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Celtic *kaletos. Cognate with Welsh caled.

Adjective

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calad

  1. hard
Inflection
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o/ā-stem
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative calad calad calad
Vocative calaid*
calad**
Accusative calad calaid
Genitive calaid cailte calaid
Dative calad calaid calad
Plural Masculine Feminine/neuter
Nominative calaid cailtea
Vocative cailtiu
cailtea
Accusative cailtiu
cailtea
Genitive calad
Dative cailtib
Notes *modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative

**modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative
† not when substantivized

Descendants
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  • Middle Irish: calad

Etymology 2

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Possibly from Late Latin calatum, but more likely a substantive use of Etymology 1, i.e. solid land as opposed to the sea (eDIL).

Noun

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calad m

  1. shore, port, landing
Declension
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Masculine o-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative calad caladL calaidL
Vocative calaid caladL caladuH
Accusative caladN caladL caladuH
Genitive calaidL calad caladN
Dative caladL caladaib caladaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization
Descendants
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Mutation

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Old Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Nasalization
calad chalad calad
pronounced with /ɡ(ʲ)-/
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

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Spanish

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Verb

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calad

  1. second-person plural imperative of calar