Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-miĺ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

preceding vowel
A / Ï / O / U	E / I / Ö / Ü
*-mïĺ	*-miĺ

Etymology

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-mel (“suffix forming resultive nouns from verbs”).

Suffix

*-miĺ

1. Forms past tense, heard, unseen, unexperienced or otherwise unclear to the speaker.

   ‎*seb- (“to love”) + ‎*-miĺ → ‎*sebmiĺ (“(I guess/I heard that) she/he/it loved.”)

2. Forms the perfect participle of a verb.

   ‎*öl- (“to die”) + ‎*-miĺ → ‎*ölmiĺ (“dead”)

Usage notes

Non-verbs cannot directly take past tenses. The verb Proto-Turkic *er- (“to be (aux.)”) takes the past tense suffix and with it the meaning of the past tense is provided. For example; ‎*eb er- (“house + to be”) + ‎*-miĺ → ‎*eb ermiĺ (“(I guess/I heard that) it was a house.”).

Derived terms

Proto-Turkic terms suffixed with *-miĺ

Related terms

• *-ti (past tense seen or clear)
• *-gan (verbal adjective)

Descendants

Some of these may indicate that this suffix only survive in forms of *er- (“to be”).

• Common Turkic:

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: [script needed] (-miş)
• Oghuz:
  • West Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish:
      • Azerbaijani: -miş, imiş
      • Ottoman Turkish: ـمش (-miş)
        • Turkish: -miş, imiş, -muş, -müş, -mış
  • East Oghuz:
    • Turkmen: -miş
  • Salar:
    • Salar: -miş
• Karluk:
  • Uzbek: emish
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: имеш (imeş)
  • East Kipchak:
    • Southern Altai: эмиш (emiš)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰢𐱁 (-miš)
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: -бит (-bit), -быт (-bıt), -бут (-but), -бүт (-büt), -пит (-pit), -пыт (-pıt), -пут (-put), -пүт (-püt)

References

• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “+mIş”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Tekin, Talât (1968) A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series; 69), Bloomington: Indiana University, →ISBN, pages 179 and 192
• Erdal, Marcel (2004) A Grammar of Old Turkic (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies; 3), Brill Academic Publishers, →ISBN, page 293