Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ryti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *rūˀ-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian ráuti (“to tear out, to pull”), Latvian raût (“to tear, to pull, to take”), Lithuanian ravė́ti (“to weed”), 1sg. raviù, Latvian ravêt (“to weed”). Further connections:

• Vasmer: Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit रवति (rávati, “to smash, to crush”), Latin ruere (“to rip, to dig”), rūtrum (“spade”), Ancient Greek ἐρυσίχθων (erusíkhthōn, “raking the ground”), Irish ruam (“spade”) < *roumā. (This root is normally reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *Hrew-.)
• Derksen: From Proto-Indo-European *(H)ruH-. Indo-European cognates include Old Norse rýja (“to tear out wool”), Latin rūta caesa (“minerals already dug up, timber already felled, when an estate is sold”). Derksen seems unwilling to include Vasmer's cognates due to his assumption of a laryngeal in the root, required in his view to account for the acute tone of the term.

Verb

*rỳti impf

1. to dig

Inflection

Conjugation of *ryti, *ry, *ryjetь (impf., -V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm a)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*rytьje	*ryti	*rytъ	*rylъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*rytъ	*ryjemъ
Active	*ryvъ	*ryję

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*ryxъ	*ry	*ry	*ryjǫ	*ryješi	*ryjetь
Dual	*ryxově	*rysta	*ryste	*ryjevě	*ryjeta	*ryjete
Plural	*ryxomъ	*ryste	*ryšę	*ryjemъ	*ryjete	*ryjǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*ryjaaxъ	*ryjaaše	*ryjaaše	—	*ryji	*ryji
Dual	*ryjaaxově	*ryjaašeta	*ryjaašete	*ryjivě	*ryjita	—
Plural	*ryjaaxomъ	*ryjaašete	*ryjaaxǫ	*ryjimъ	*ryjite	—

Related terms

• *rъvàti (“to tear”)
• *rovъ (“ditch, pitch”)
• *rъtъ
• *rỳdlo (“spade, snout”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: рꙑти (ryti)
    • Old Ruthenian: рыти (ryti)
      • Belarusian: рыць (rycʹ)
      • Ukrainian: ри́ти (rýty)
    • Russian: рыть (rytʹ)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: рꙑти (ryti)

    Glagolitic script: ⱃⱏⰹⱅⰻ (ryti)

  • Bulgarian: ри́я (ríja)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ри̏ти

    Latin script: rȉti

  • Slovene: ríti (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: rýti
    • Czech: rýt
  • Polish: ryć
  • Slovak: ryť
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: ryć
    • Lower Sorbian: ryś

Further reading

• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “рыть”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 131
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “рыть”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress