Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/klinganą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology 1

From Pre-Germanic *glengʰ- (“sound”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gal-, *gelH- (“to call, sound”) (compare *golH-s- (“voice, cry”)), the root whence also *kalzōną, and/or ultimately onomatopoeic.

Verb

*klinganą

1. to sound

Inflection

Conjugation of *klinganą (strong class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*klingō	*klingaų	—	*klingai	?
2nd singular	*klingizi	*klingaiz	*kling	*klingazai	*klingaizau
3rd singular	*klingidi	*klingai	*klingadau	*klingadai	*klingaidau
1st dual	*klingōz	*klingaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*klingadiz	*klingaidiz	*klingadiz	—	—
1st plural	*klingamaz	*klingaim	—	*klingandai	*klingaindau
2nd plural	*klingid	*klingaid	*klingid	*klingandai	*klingaindau
3rd plural	*klingandi	*klingain	*klingandau	*klingandai	*klingaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*klang	*klungį̄
2nd singular	*klanht	*klungīz
3rd singular	*klang	*klungī
1st dual	*klungū	*klungīw
2nd dual	*klungudiz	*klungīdiz
1st plural	*klungum	*klungīm
2nd plural	*klungud	*klungīd
3rd plural	*klungun	*klungīn
	present	past
participles	*klingandz	*klunganaz

Derived terms

• >? *klinkō
  • Proto-West Germanic: *klinku (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

• Old Frisian: klinga
  • North Frisian: klinke
  • Saterland Frisian: klinge
  • West Frisian: klinke
• Old Saxon: *klingan
  • Middle Low German: klingen, clingen
    • Low German:
      • German Low German: klingen
      • Westphalian:

        Münsterländer: klingen (Westmünsterländisch)

        East Westphalian: klingen (Ravensberger)

    • Plautdietsch: kjlinjen
    • → Old Norse: klingja, *klinga
      • Icelandic: klingja
      • Faroese: klinga
      • → Old Swedish: klinga
        • Swedish: klinga
      • Danish: klinge
• Old Dutch: *clingan
  • Middle Dutch: clingen
    • Dutch: klingen, klinken
      • →⇒ French: clinquant
        • → English: clinquant
    • Limburgish: klinge, klinke
    • → Middle English: clinken
      • English: clink
      • Scots: clink
• Old High German: klingan
  • Middle High German: klingen
    • German: klingen
    • Luxembourgish: kléngen
    • Yiddish: קלינגען (klingen)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to glue, stick together”). Originally regular verb assimilated into strong verb class 3.

Verb

*klinganą

2. to adhere to, cling to

Inflection

Conjugation of *klinganą (strong class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*klingō	*klingaų	—	*klingai	?
2nd singular	*klingizi	*klingaiz	*kling	*klingazai	*klingaizau
3rd singular	*klingidi	*klingai	*klingadau	*klingadai	*klingaidau
1st dual	*klingōz	*klingaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*klingadiz	*klingaidiz	*klingadiz	—	—
1st plural	*klingamaz	*klingaim	—	*klingandai	*klingaindau
2nd plural	*klingid	*klingaid	*klingid	*klingandai	*klingaindau
3rd plural	*klingandi	*klingain	*klingandau	*klingandai	*klingaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*klang	*klungį̄
2nd singular	*klanht	*klungīz
3rd singular	*klang	*klungī
1st dual	*klungū	*klungīw
2nd dual	*klungudiz	*klungīdiz
1st plural	*klungum	*klungīm
2nd plural	*klungud	*klungīd
3rd plural	*klungun	*klungīn
	present	past
participles	*klingandz	*klunganaz

Related terms

• *klajjaz
• *klibāną

Derived terms

• *klangijaną

Descendants

• Old English: clingan
  • Middle English: clingen
    • English: cling
• Old Saxon: *klingan
  • Middle Low German: *klingen, klinken
    • German Low German: klingen, klinken
    • → Danish: klinke
• Old Dutch: *clingan
  • Middle Dutch: clingen, clinken
    • Dutch: klingen, klinken
• Old High German: klingan
  • Middle High German: klingen