Appendix:Kumzari Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Kumzari, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No.	English	Luri كمزري(Kumzarī)	Common Transcription
1	I	ман	mē
2	you (singular)	ту	tō
3	he	ӯ, вай	yē
4	we	мо	mā
5	you (plural)	шумо	šmā
6	they	онҳо	šan
7	this	ин	yā
8	that	он	ya
9	here	инҷо	ēsū, ēwō, ēʕū, ēkša (right here)
10	there	онҷо	āka, ānsū, āntē, ākša (right there)
11	who	кӣ	kē
12	what	чӣ	čē, hall (interj), ō (interj)
13	where	куҷо	giya
14	when	кай	kay
15	how	чихел	čābē
16	not	на	na
17	all	ҳама	ammū, jīmī, mičē
18	many	бисёр	xaykē, xaylē
19	some	ягон	qadar, qēdar, ḥabbē
20	few	кам	naktē, wēḥid, ḥabbē
21	other	дигар	dgur, ān
22	one	як	yak
23	two	ду	dō
24	three	се	sō
25	four	чор	čār
26	five	панҷ	panj
27	big	калон	gap
28	long	дароз	drāẓ
29	wide	фарох	paʕn
30	thick	ғафс	bay
31	heavy	вазнин, сангин	sangī
32	small	хурд	čikk
33	short	кӯтоҳ, паст	kōta, lāṭī (objects)
34	narrow	танг	qbīb
35	thin	тунук	bāī, ṭʕīf (people), šēw (people)
36	woman	зан	ẓan(k)
37	man (adult male)	мард	mart(k)
38	man (human being)	инсон, одам	šaxṣ, maxluq
39	child	кӯдак	rōr
40	wife	зан	ẓan(k)
41	husband	шавҳар	šū
42	mother	модар	mām
43	father	падар	bap, abū
44	animal	ҷонвар
45	fish	моҳӣ	may
46	bird	парранда	ṭēr
47	dog	саг	kalb, saġ
48	louse	шипиш	rišk, qarʕa
49	snake	мор	mār, muġlī (venomous)
50	worm	кирм	kurm
51	tree	дарахт	šidrit
52	forest	беша
53	stick	чӯб	dār, šāxiṭ
54	fruit	мева
55	seed	тухм	barr, bidrit, ħabb
56	leaf	барг	warq, pīš (date palm)
57	root	реша	urq
58	bark (of a tree)	пӯсти дарахт	faqqaš, qisʕan (date palm)
59	flower	гул	ward
60	grass	сабза	giya
61	rope	арғамчин	ban, illē
62	skin	пӯст	pōṣṭ, jild
63	meat	гӯшт	gōšt
64	blood	хун	xwēm
65	bone	устухон	xār
66	fat (noun)	чарб	pī
67	egg	тухм	xāyg
68	horn	шох	qarn
69	tail	дум	dūm
70	feather	пар	par
71	hair	мӯй	mū, šārat (pubic)
72	head	сар	muxx, sar
73	ear	гӯш	gōš
74	eye	чашм	čum
75	nose	бинӣ	nuxrit
76	mouth	даҳон	kāra
77	tooth	дандон	dnān
78	tongue (organ)	забон	ẓwān
79	fingernail	нохун	nixn
80	foot	пой	pā
81	leg	линг	pā
82	knee	зону	rukbit
83	hand	даст	dist
84	wing	бол	jnāḥ
85	belly	шикам	škum
86	guts	рӯда	māraṣin
87	neck	гардан	gardan
88	back	пушт	kāmar
89	breast	сина	pistan
90	heart	дил	dil
91	liver	ҷигар	jōġur
92	to drink	нӯшидан	txōr, šaraba
93	to eat	хӯрдан	xōr, txōr
94	to bite	газидан	xāy
95	to suck	макидан
96	to spit	туф кардан	xūẓik
97	to vomit	қай кардан	rēš
98	to blow	пуф кардан	uff
99	to breathe	нафас кашидан	nasaxa
100	to laugh	хандидан	xan
101	to see	дидан	jīr, mēš
102	to hear	шунидан	šnaft, šnāʕ
103	to know	донистан	dān
104	to think	андешидан	fakara
105	to smell	бӯй кардан
106	to fear	тарсидан	turs
107	to sleep	хобидан	xwaft, xwāʕ
108	to live	зистан, зиндагӣ кардан	īšū
109	to die	мурдан	mur
110	to kill	куштан	kišt
111	to fight	ҷангидан	kišt
112	to hunt	шикор кардан	raft qāniṣī
113	to hit	задан	bẓēn, ōkt
114	to cut	бурридан	qaṣṣa
115	to split	шикофтан	falaqa
116	to stab	корд задан
117	to scratch	ханҷол кардан	xārid
118	to dig	кофтан	kan
119	to swim	шино кардан
120	to fly	паридан	pōr
121	to walk	гаштан	mēš
122	to come	омадан	ām, byā
123	to lie (as in a bed)	дароз кашидан
124	to sit	нишастан, шиштан	ništ, ūnī
125	to stand	истодан	qaym, sayy
126	to turn (intransitive)	чархидан	gard
127	to fall	афтодан	kaft, kōʕ
128	to give	додан	dār, dōʕ
129	to hold	гирифтан	wōdur
130	to squeeze	фишор кардан
131	to rub	молидан	kēš
132	to wash	шустан	čišt, čōr
133	to wipe	пок кардан	amš
134	to pull	кашидан	kēš
135	to push	тела додан	čīk
136	to throw	партофтан, андохтан	fān
137	to tie	бастан	ābn
138	to sew	дӯхтан	dōẓ
139	to count	шумурдан	šmār
140	to say	гуфтан	gaft, gōʕ
141	to sing	сурудан	ġanna
142	to play	бозӣ кардан	bāẓ
143	to float	шиновар шудан
144	to flow	равон шудан
145	to freeze	ях кардан
146	to swell	омосидан
147	sun	хуршед, офтоб	intaf
148	moon	моҳ	mētaw
149	star	ситора	stārg
150	water	об	āw
151	rain	борон	bāram, šdūd (showers), šōbub (pouring)
152	river	рӯд, дарё
153	lake	кӯл
154	sea	баҳр, дарё	dirya, xwār (calm sea), dašt (open)
155	salt	намак	xwā
156	stone	санг	bard
157	sand	рег	jīrī
158	dust	чанг	ġbār
159	earth	замин	ilārḍ, ẓamī
160	cloud	абр	num, xubb (rain cloud)
161	fog	туман	ġbēb
162	sky	осмон	āsmin
163	wind	бод	kawl
164	snow	барф	ūrd
165	ice	ях	falj, salj, talj
166	smoke	дуд	dixx, dūr
167	fire	оташ	ātiš
168	ash	хокистар
169	to burn	сӯхтан	ḥaraqa
170	road	роҳ	tēra
171	mountain	кӯҳ	aqil, kō, maʕdaf (undersea)
172	red	сурх	ṣirx
173	green	сабз	sawẓ
174	yellow	зард	ẓard
175	white	сафед	spēr
176	black	сиёҳ	siya
177	night	шаб	šaw
178	day	рӯз	rōẓ
179	year	сол	sāl
180	warm	гарм
181	cold	хунук, сард	sard, sarma
182	full	пур	palla, sēr (of food)
183	new	нав	nō
184	old	кӯҳна (inanimate), пир (animate)	kaʕnaġ (objects), ōjuẓō (animate)
185	good	нағз, хуб	jwān
186	bad	бад, ганда	banj
187	rotten	пӯсида	ṭafṣ
188	dirty	чиркин	ritt, illit
189	straight	рост	ēdil, rāstaġ
190	round	гирд	gard, lakaša
191	sharp (as a knife)	тез	tēẓ
192	dull (as a knife)	кунд
193	smooth	суфта
194	wet	тар	tar, atta
195	dry	хушк	išk
196	correct	дуруст	rāstī, ṣaḥḥ
197	near	наздик	nēẓik, qublū
198	far	дур	dūr
199	right	рост	rāstī
200	left	чап	asrē
201	at	ба	wā
202	in	дар	inda
203	with	бо	wā, ba
204	and	у	wa
205	if	агар	ida, ka, wa(na)
206	because	чунки	ašān, pišt (on account of)
207	name	ном	nām