Appendix:Jarai Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Jarai, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No.	English	Jarai Jarai
1	I	kâo
2	you (singular)	ih, ŏng (masculine, informal)
3	he, she, it	gơ̆, ñu
4	we	gơmơi, ƀing gơmơi (exclusive), ta, ƀing ta (inclusive)
5	you (plural)	gih, ƀing gih (informal), ƀing ih (formal)
6	they	arăng, ƀing gơ̆, gơñu (exclusive), ƀing gơñu
7	this	anai
8	that	anŭn
9	here	anai
10	there	anŭn, adih
11	who	hlơi
12	what	hơget
13	where	pơpă
14	when	tơdang
15	how	hiư̆m
16	not	ƀu}, ôh}
17	all	raih
18	many	lu
19	some	đơđa
20	few	ƀiă
21	other	phara
22	one	sa
23	two	dua
24	three	klâo
25	four	pă
26	five	rơma
27	big	prĭn, prŏng
28	long	glông
29	wide	prong, prong krin
30	thick	kơpal
31	heavy	kơtraŏ
32	small	anĕt
33	short	bêr (length), djăl(height)
34	narrow	kơsep
35	thin	net
36	woman	đah bơnai
37	man (adult male)	đah rơkơi
38	man (human being)	mơnuih
39	child	ană
40	wife	bơnai
41	husband	rơkơi
42	mother	amĭ
43	father	ama
44	animal	hlô mơnŏng
45	fish	akan
46	bird	čĭm
47	dog	asâo
48	louse	kơtâo
49	snake	ala
50	worm	rơ̆năng
51	tree	kơyâo
52	forest	glai
53	stick	gai
54	fruit	bôh
55	seed	asar
56	leaf	hla
57	root	akha
58	bark (of a tree)	kơđuh
59	flower	bơnga
60	grass	rơk
61	rope	tơlơi
62	skin	klĭ
63	meat	mơnŏng
64	blood	drah
65	bone	tơlang
66	fat (noun)	rơmă
67	egg	boh
68	horn	tơki
69	tail	aku
70	feather	blâo
71	hair	ƀuk(head), blâo (body)
72	head	akŏ
73	ear	tơngia
74	eye	mơta
75	nose	adŭng
76	mouth	mơbah
77	tooth	tơgơi
78	tongue (organ)	jơlăh
79	fingernail	tơkâo
80	foot	tơkai
81	leg	tơkai
82	knee	tơŭt
83	hand	tơngan
84	wing	čơčăng
85	belly	tian
86	guts	pruaĭ
87	neck	tơkuai
88	back	rŏng
89	breast	tơda (chest)
90	heart	hơtai bôh
91	liver	hơtai
92	to drink	mơñum
93	to eat	huă (with rice)
94	to bite	kĕ
95	to suck	ƀop (straw)
96	to spit	kơčuh
97	to vomit	ŏ
98	to blow	bluh
99	to breathe	suă pran
100	to laugh	klao
101	to see	ƀuh
102	to hear	hơmư̆
103	to know	thâo
104	to think	pơmĭn
105	to smell	ƀâo
106	to fear	bơngŏt
107	to sleep	pĭt
108	to live	hơdĭp
109	to die	djai
110	to kill	pơ̆djai
111	to fight	pơrơtaih
112	to hunt	hiu lua
113	to hit	păh
114	to cut	tă
115	to split	čar
116	to stab	čŭt
117	to scratch	kuah
118	to dig	kuai (with hands or claws)
119	to swim	luai
120	to fly	pŏr
121	to walk	hiu
122	to come	truh
123	to lie (as in a bed)	đih
124	to sit	dô̆
125	to stand	tơgŭ
126	to turn (intransitive)	pơ̆dar
127	to fall	lê̆ (humans)
128	to give	brơi
129	to hold	djă
130	to squeeze	ñač (wring)
131	to rub	mlia
132	to wash	rao
133	to wipe	uă
134	to pull	dui
135	to push	čur
136	to throw	glŏm
137	to tie	čăp (in a bundle)
138	to sew	čơčoh (with a machine)
139	to count	yap
140	to say	laĭ
141	to sing	adôh
142	to play	ngui
143	to float	pơđông
144	to flow	rô
145	to freeze
146	to swell	bơ̆brăh}
147	sun	yang hrơi
148	moon	yang ƀlan
149	star	pơ̆tŭt
150	water	ia
151	rain	hơjan
152	river	čroh ia
153	lake	dơnao
154	sea	rơsĭ
155	salt	hra
156	stone	pơtâo
157	sand	čuah
158	dust	ƀruih
159	earth	lŏn
160	cloud	gơ̆thul
161	fog	gơ̆thul
162	sky	adai
163	wind	angĭn
164	snow
165	ice
166	smoke	asăp
167	fire	apui
168	ash	hơ̆bao
169	to burn	čuh
170	road	jơlan
171	mountain	čư̆
172	red	mraih
173	green	mơtah
174	yellow	kơñĭ
175	white	kŏ
176	black	jŭ
177	night	mlăm
178	day	hrơi
179	year	thŭn
180	warm	pơđao
181	cold	rơŏt
182	full	bă
183	new	pơ̆hrâu
184	old	tha (living being)
185	good	hiam
186	bad	sat
187	rotten	brŭ
188	dirty	grĭ
189	straight	anang
190	round	wĭl
191	sharp (as a knife)	tơma
192	dull (as a knife)	tơ̆nol
193	smooth
194	wet	pơsah
195	dry	kro
196	correct	djơ̆
197	near	giăm, jê̆
198	far	ataih
199	right	gah hơnuă
200	left	gah ieo
201	at	pơ
202	in	amăng
203	with	hăng
204	and	hăng
205	if	plă
206	because	yuadah
207	name	anăn