-NAʼ

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Athabaskan *na (to live, to move, to work). Related to -NÁÁʼ (to move) and to -NÁÁD (to last). Maybe originating in several distinct roots.

Cognate root found in Ahtna ghetnaa (he is working), Chipewyan ɣɛna (he is alive), Carrier nelnaʼ (to be slow, sluggish).

Root

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-NAʼ

 1. to live

Theme Category Bases Transitive bases (O + ł)
hi + ∅ adjectival

S is alive

hi + ∅

S comes to life

S brings O to life, generates O

 2. to last, to endure (supplies)

Theme Category Bases Transitive bases (O + ł)
di + ∅ operative S lasts

 3. to act slowly

Theme Category Bases Transitive bases (O + ł)
di + l motion? S acts slowly

Stem set

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Aspect IMP PERF FUT ITER OPT
MOM -naah -naʼ -naah -naał -naah
DUR / CONT -naʼ -naʼ -naah -naał -naʼ
NEUT -ná - - - -

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms
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to live, to come to life:

to last, to endure:

  • -NAʼ (FFO moves)
Antonyms
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to die:

to run out, to exhaust:

Derived terms
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Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (live)

Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (act slowly)

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Athabaskan *nə̓q’ (to swallow).

Cognate root found in Ahtna itełnaʼ (he swallowed it).

Root

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-NAʼ

  1. to swallow, to regurgitate, to choke
Theme Category Bases Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + ł motion

S swallows

hááʼiiłneeh (ruminate)
ni + l ?

S chokes

náʼniłnah (hiccup)

Stem set

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Aspect IMP PERF FUT ITER OPT
DUR / CONT -naʼ -naʼ -naah -naał -naʼ

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms
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to regurgitate:

 
Derived terms
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Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (swallow)

Etymology 3

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From Proto-Athabaskan *nəɢ, with a wide semantic range including “a flat flexible object (as sheets) moves”, “to last, to endure, to become tired”.

Compare with -NAʼ above for the meaning "to last, to endure".

Cognate root found in Ahtna naghinak ((a blanket) fell down), łdaniniłnak (it lasted a long time), taatnak (he is tired).

Root

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-NAʼ

  1. FFO moves, falls (blanket, surface of water)

Theme Category Bases Transitive bases (O + ł)
motion

FFO moves


successive

FFO flaps, bounces

di + ł ?

S infects P

ni + ł motion?

S lasts, runs out; S wilts, tires out

  2. to crawl, to creep

Theme Category Bases Transitive bases (O + ł)
d motion

S crawls

S stands O up

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Stem set

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Aspect IMP PERF FUT ITER OPT
MOM -nééh -naʼ -nah -nah -nééh
CONT -nah -naʼ -nah -nah -nééh
REP -nah - - - -
SEM -nah -nah -nah -nah -nah

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms
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to crawl, to creep:

to wilt:

to last, to endure:

  • -NAʼ (live)

to run out, to exhaust:

Derived terms
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Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (FFO moves)

Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (crawl)