蒙古

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (蒙古)		蒙	古
simp. #(蒙古)		蒙	古

Alternative forms

• 蒙兀, 萌古

Etymology

Borrowed from Jurchen [Term?] (/⁠*moŋgu⁠/, “Mongol”) with loss of foreign final -l, from Middle Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠤᠯ (mwnkɣwɽ /⁠moŋqol⁠/, “Mongol”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): Měnggǔ, Ménggǔ

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄥˇ ㄍㄨˇ, ㄇㄥˊ ㄍㄨˇ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): Мынгў (Mɨngw, I-I)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): mung⁴ gu²

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): muung³ gu²

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): Mùng-kú

  (Meixian, Guangdong): mung² gu³

• Eastern Min (BUC): Mùng-gū
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): Bông-kó͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): mong⁵ gou²

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶mon-ku

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Měnggǔ [Phonetic: ménggǔ]
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄥˇ ㄍㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: měnggǔ
    • Wade–Giles: mêng³-ku³
    • Yale: měng-gǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: meengguu
    • Palladius: мэнгу (mɛngu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Ménggǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄥˊ ㄍㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ménggǔ
    • Wade–Giles: mêng²-ku³
    • Yale: méng-gǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mengguu
    • Palladius: мэнгу (mɛngu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɤŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: Мынгў (Mɨngw, I-I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /məŋ²⁴ ku²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: mung⁴ gu²
    • Yale: mùhng gú
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mung⁴ gu²
    • Guangdong Romanization: mung⁴ gu²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: muung³ gu²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵐbɵŋ²² ku⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Mùng-kú
    • Hakka Romanization System: mungˇ gu`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: mung² gu³
    • Sinological IPA: /muŋ¹¹ ku³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: mung² gu³
    • Sinological IPA: /mʊŋ¹¹ ku³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: Mùng-gū
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /muŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^(k-)ŋu³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bông-kó͘
    • Tâi-lô: Bông-kóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: bongkor
    • IPA (Xiamen): /bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔŋ¹³⁻²² kɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: mong⁵ gou²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mông kóu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /moŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kou⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶mon-ku
    • MiniDict: mon^去 ku
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³mon-ku
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /moŋ²² ku⁴⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: muwng kuX

Rime
Character	蒙	古
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	莫紅切	公戸切
Baxter	muwng	kuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muŋ/	/kuoX/
Pan Wuyun	/muŋ/	/kuoX/
Shao Rongfen	/muŋ/	/koX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/məwŋ/	/kɔX/
Li Rong	/muŋ/	/koX/
Wang Li	/muŋ/	/kuX/
Bernard Karlgren	/muŋ/	/kuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	méng	gǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mung4	gu2

Proper noun

蒙古

1. Mongolia (a country in Asia)
2. (historical) region inhabited by Mongols, including Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Tuva and Altay

Synonyms

• (country): 蒙古國／蒙古国 (Měnggǔguó), 外蒙古 (Wài Měnggǔ)

Derived terms

• 內蒙／内蒙 (Nèiměng)
• 內蒙古／内蒙古
• 南蒙古
• 外蒙 (Wàiměng)
• 外蒙古
• 蒙古人 (měnggǔrén)
• 蒙古人種／蒙古人种 (měnggǔ rénzhǒng)
• 蒙古包 (měnggǔbāo)
• 蒙古國／蒙古国 (Měnggǔguó)
• 蒙古地方
• 蒙古大夫 (měnggǔ dàifu)
• 蒙古帝國／蒙古帝国 (Měnggǔ Dìguó)
• 蒙古文 (měnggǔwén)
• 蒙古斑 (měnggǔbān)
• 蒙古新字 (ménggǔ xīn zì)
• 蒙古族 (Měnggǔzú)
• 蒙古王打仔——大汗𢱕細汗／蒙古王打仔——大汗𢱕细汗
• 蒙古語／蒙古语 (měnggǔyǔ)
• 蒙古高原 (Měnggǔ Gāoyuán)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (蒙古):

• → Japanese: 蒙(もう)古(こ) (Mōko)
• → Okinawan: 蒙古(むーく) (Mūku)
• → Korean: 몽고(蒙古) (Monggo)
• → Vietnamese: Mông Cổ (蒙古)

Others:

• → Zhuang: Mungzguj

References

• Duffus, William (1883) “Mongolia”, in English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Swatow, Swatow: English Presbyterian Mission Press, page 182

Japanese

Kanji in this term
蒙	古
もう Jinmeiyō	こ Grade: 2
on’yomi

Etymology

From Chinese 蒙古 (Měnggǔ), from Mongolian ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ (muŋɣul) / Монгол (Mongol).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [mo̞ːko̞]

Proper noun

蒙(もう)古(こ) • (Mōko) 

1. Mongolia

Synonyms

• モンゴル (Mongoru)

Korean

Hanja in this term
蒙	古

Proper noun

蒙古 • (Monggo) (hangeul 몽고)

1. Hanja form^? of 몽고 (“Mongolia”).

Okinawan

Kanji in this term
蒙	古
むー Jinmeiyō	く Grade: 2
on’yomi

Proper noun

蒙(むー)古(く) (Mūku) 

1. Mongolia

   Synonym: モンゴル (Mongoru)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
蒙	古

Proper noun

蒙古

1. chữ Hán form of Mông Cổ (“Mongolia”).