上下
Chinese[edit]
up; on; on top up; on; on top; upon; first; previous or last; upper; higher; above; previous; to climb; to go into; to go up |
under; next; lower under; next; lower; below; underneath; down(wards); to go down; latter | ||
---|---|---|---|
simp. and trad. (上下) |
上 | 下 |
Pronunciation[edit]
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): soeng6 haa6-2 / soeng6 haa6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): song-ha / song-hâ / sông-hâ
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siōng-hǎ / siōng-hā / siāng-hēe
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄕㄤˋ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: shàngsià
- Wade–Giles: shang4-hsia4
- Yale: shàng-syà
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shanqshiah
- Palladius: шанся (šansja)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: soeng6 haa6-2 / soeng6 haa6
- Yale: seuhng há / seuhng hah
- Cantonese Pinyin: soeng6 haa6-2 / soeng6 haa6
- Guangdong Romanization: sêng6 ha6-2 / sêng6 ha6
- Sinological IPA (key): /sœːŋ²² haː²²⁻³⁵/, /sœːŋ²² haː²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: song-ha / song-hâ / sông-hâ
- Hakka Romanization System: song ha / song ha´ / song´ ha´
- Hagfa Pinyim: song4 ha4 / song4 ha1 / song1 ha1
- Sinological IPA: /soŋ⁵⁵ ha⁵⁵/, /soŋ⁵⁵ ha²⁴/, /soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Southern Min
- Middle Chinese: dzyangX|dzyangH haeX|haeH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-daŋʔ|m-daŋʔ|daŋʔ-s ɡˤraʔ|m-ɡˤraʔ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*djaŋʔ|djaŋs ɡraːʔ|ɡraːs/
Noun[edit]
上下
Synonyms[edit]
Adverb[edit]
上下
- (after round numbers) about; or so; thereabouts
Synonyms[edit]
Verb[edit]
上下
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Japanese[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
上 | 下 |
あ(がり) Grade: 1 |
お(り) Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Compound of 上がり (agari, “rising, going up”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 上がる (agaru, “to rise, to go up”)) + 下り (ori, “descending, going down”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 下りる (oriru, “to descend, to go down”)).[1][2]
Alternative forms[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- ascending and descending, ascent and descent
Verb[edit]
上下する • (agarisagari suru) suru (stem 上下し (agarisagari shi), past 上下した (agarisagari shita))
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
上 | 下 |
あ(がり) Grade: 1 |
さ(がり) Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Compound of 上がり (agari, “rising, going up”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 上がる (agaru, “to rise, to go up”)) + 下がり (sagari, “coming down, hanging down”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 下がる (sagaru, “to come down, to hang down”)).[1][2]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Tokyo) あがりさがり [àgáríꜜsàgàrì] (Nakadaka – [3])[2]
- (Tokyo) あがりさがり [àgáríságárí] (Heiban – [0])[2]
- IPA(key): [a̠ɡa̠ɾʲisa̠ɡa̠ɾʲi]
Noun[edit]
上下 • (agarisagari)
- rise and fall, fluctuation (as a level of something, such as a price)
Verb[edit]
上下する • (agarisagari suru) suru (stem 上下し (agarisagari shi), past 上下した (agarisagari shita))
Etymology 3[edit]
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
上 | 下 |
あ(げ) Grade: 1 |
お(ろし) Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Compound of 上げ (age, “raising, lifting up”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 上げる ageru, “to raise something, to lift something up”) + 下ろし (oroshi, “lowering, bringing down”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 下ろす orosu, “to lower something, to bring something down”).[1][2]
Alternative forms[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- raising and lowering of something
- loading and unloading (as of the cargo in a ship)
- weaving on a loom (from the way the warp is raised and lowered)
Idioms[edit]
- 箸の上げ下ろしにも文句を言う (hashi no ageoroshi ni mo monku o iu): “to complain about [how someone] raises and lowers their chopsticks” → to be extremely fastidious and nitpicky
Etymology 4[edit]
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
上 | 下 |
あ(げ) Grade: 1 |
くだ(し) Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Compound of 上げ (age, “raising, lifting up”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 上げる ageru, “to raise something, to lift something up”) + 下だし (kudashi, “putting something down; passing something through one's gut”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 下す kudasu, “to put something down; to pass something through one's gut”).[1][2]
Alternative forms[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
上下 • (agekudashi)
- bringing something back up and passing something → vomiting and having diarrhea
Etymology 5[edit]
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
上 | 下 |
あ(げ) Grade: 1 |
さ(げ) Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Compound of 上げ (age, “raising, lifting up”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 上げる ageru, “to raise something, to lift something up”) + 下げ (sage, “lowering something, hanging something down”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 下げる sageru, “to lower something, to hang something down”).[1][2]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- raising and lowering of something
- (more specifically) the raising and lowering of prices
- praising and berating someone
- good times and bad times, thick and thin, ups and downs
- the start and finish of something (such as the process of setting a table for a meal, and then clearing up afterwards)
- the ebb and flow of the tides
Idioms[edit]
- 上げ下げを取る (agesage o toru): “to take [get] the ups and downs” → to match the rhythms of a partner in doing something
Verb[edit]
上下する • (agesage suru) suru (stem 上下し (agesage shi), past 上下した (agesage shita))
- to raise and lower something
- (more specifically) to raise and lower prices
- to praise and berate someone
- to start and finish something (such as the process of setting a table for a meal, and then clearing up afterwards)
- to ebb and flow, such as the tides
Etymology 6[edit]
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
上 | 下 |
うえ Grade: 1 |
した Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Compound of 上 (ue, “up”) + 下 (shita, “down”).[1][2]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
上下 • (ueshita) ←うへした (ufesita)?
- up and down, the upper and the lower
- the nobility and the commoners
- (in reference to western-style clothing) upper clothing (such as shirts and jackets) and lower clothing (such as trousers and socks)
- outerwear and underwear
- upside-down
Idioms[edit]
- 上下の合方 (ueshita no aikata): “up and down accompaniment [music]” → a kind of music played during kabuki performances, where one person plays samisen, another sings the low part, and another sings the high part
Synonyms[edit]
Etymology 7[edit]
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
上 | 下 |
かみ Grade: 1 |
しも Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Compound of 上 (kami, “up, upper; first”) + 下 (shimo, “down, lower; last”).[1][2]
Pronunciation 1[edit]
Noun[edit]
- the upper and the lower
- (more specifically) upstream and downstream
- (more specifically) upstage and downstage
- (more specifically) high status and low status
- (more specifically) the city and the countryside
- (more specifically) the upper body and the lower body
- (more specifically) the first three lines and the last two lines of a traditional waka poem
- (more specifically) the first half the last half of a month
- various things
Pronunciation 2[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Noun[edit]
Etymology 8[edit]
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
上 | 下 |
か(り) Grade: 1 |
め(り) Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Compound of 上り (kari, “rising in tone”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 上る karu, “to rise in tone”) + 下り (meri, “falling in tone”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 下る meru, “to fall in tone”).[1]
Alternative forms[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Verb[edit]
上下する • (karimeri suru) suru (stem 上下し (karimeri shi), past 上下した (karimeri shita))
Etymology 9[edit]
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
上 | 下 |
しょう Grade: 1 |
か Grade: 1 |
on’yomi |
/ɕauka/ → /ɕɔːka/ → /ɕoːka/
From Middle Chinese compound 上下 (dzyangH hæX, literally “up and down”). Compare modern Cantonese reading soeng6 haa6 or Hakka song-ha.
The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- up and down
- the upper and the lower (especially, the rulers and the ruled)
- rising and falling
- an exchange of opinions
Verb[edit]
上下する • (shōka suru) ←しやうか (syauka)?suru (stem 上下し (shōka shi), past 上下した (shōka shita))
Etymology 10[edit]
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
上 | 下 |
じょう Grade: 1 |
か Grade: 1 |
on’yomi |
/d͡ʑauka/ → /d͡ʑɔːka/ → /d͡ʑoːka/
From Middle Chinese compound 上下 (dzyangH hæX, literally “up and down”). Compare modern Min Nan alternative reading chiūⁿ hā.
A mixed reading, using the goon of jō and the kan'on of ka.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- up and down
- high grade and low grade
- the upper and lower houses of the Diet or parliament
- ascending and descending, climbing up and climbing down
Verb[edit]
上下する • (jōka suru) ←じやうか (zyauka)?suru (stem 上下し (jōka shi), past 上下した (jōka shita))
Etymology 11[edit]
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
上 | 下 |
じょう Grade: 1 |
げ Grade: 1 |
on’yomi |
/d͡ʑauɡe/ → /d͡ʑɔːɡe/ → /d͡ʑoːɡe/
From Middle Chinese compound 上下 (dzyangH hæX, literally “up and down”). Compare modern Cantonese reading soeng6 haa6, Hakka song-ha, or Min Nan alternative reading chiūⁿ hā.
The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- the high and the low, the upper and the lower
- (clothing) a suit, a set of clothing consisting of garments for the upper and lower body
- rising and falling, ascent and descent
- the city and the country (the city is considered “up”)
- north and south (north is considered “up”)
- volumes one and two of a two-volume book or other document
- roundtrip travel on a river, going both upstream and downstream
- high rank and low rank
- the nobility and the commoners
- the lord and the ministers
- the old and the young
- an exchange of words, a discussion, question and answer
Synonyms[edit]
- (high and low): 高低 (kōtei)
- (high and low in a rank; nobility and commoners): 貴賎 (kisen)
- (rise and fall): 起伏 (kifuku)
- (old and young): 老少 (rōshō), 長幼 (chōyō)
Derived terms[edit]
- 上下向 (jōgekō): travelling to the city from the country and travelling to the country from the city
- 上下水道 (jōge suidō): water and sewer pipes, water and sewer services
- 上下付け (jōgezuke), 上下付 (jōgezuke): a kind of poetry game where either the first and last lines of a haiku are provided and the players must invent an appropriate middle line, or the first two kana are provided and the players must also use these as the last two kana, and invent an appropriate middle
- 上下動 (jōgedō): vertical movement, such as during an earthquake
- 上下二連銃 (jōge niren jū): an over/under shotgun
Verb[edit]
上下する • (jōge suru) ←じやうげ (zyauge)?suru (stem 上下し (jōge shi), past 上下した (jōge shita))
- to rise and fall, to ascend and descend
- to travel roundtrip on a river, going both upstream and downstream
- to exchange words, to discuss, to question and answer
Etymology 12[edit]
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
上 | 下 |
のぼ(り) Grade: 1 |
お(り) Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Compound of 上ぼり (nobori, “climbing, going up”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 上る noboru, “to climb, to go up”) + 下り (ori, “descending, going down”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 下りる oriru, “to descend, to go down”).[1][2]
Alternative forms[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- ascending and descending, climbing and coming back down (particularly as of a person or thing travelling or moving up and down, such as stairs or levels)
Verb[edit]
上下する • (noboriori suru) suru (stem 上下し (noboriori shi), past 上下した (noboriori shita))
- to ascend and descend, to climb and come back down (particularly as of a person or thing travelling or moving up and down, such as stairs or levels)
Etymology 13[edit]
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
上 | 下 |
のぼ(り) Grade: 1 |
くだ(り) Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Compound of 上ぼり (nobori, “climbing, going up”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 上る noboru, “to climb, to go up”) + 下り (kudari, “descending, coming down”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 下る kudaru, “to descend a path, to come down a path”).[1][2]
Alternative forms[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Tokyo) のぼりくだり [nòbóríkúdárí] (Heiban – [0])[2]
- (Tokyo) のぼりくだり [nòbóríꜜkùdàrì] (Nakadaka – [3])[2]
- IPA(key): [no̞bo̞ɾʲikɯ̟ᵝda̠ɾʲi]
Noun[edit]
上下 • (noborikudari)
- climbing up and climbing down (particularly as of a person or path travelling or moving up and down, such as a road going uphill and downhill in the mountains)
- going upstream and downstream (such as on a river, or on a highway with “up” indicating towards a city)
Verb[edit]
上下する • (noborikudari suru) suru (stem 上下し (noborikudari shi), past 上下した (noborikudari shita))
- to climb up and climb down
- to go upstream and downstream (such as on a river, or on a highway with “up” indicating towards a city)
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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- ja:Clothing
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- ja:Music
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