gladius
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English[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Latin gladius (“Roman short sword, gladius”). Doublet of glaive.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
gladius (plural gladiuses or gladii)
- (historical) A Roman sword roughly two feet long.
- 1882, “The Genesis of the Sword”, in Popular Science Monthly, volume 21, page 81:
- Finally, the Romans made the gladius—sharp, of highly-tempered steel, and strongly piercing—the first real sword (Figs. 17, 18, 19), of which only five specimens are now known to exist.
- 2007, Pat Southern, The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History, page 212:
- The gladius was effective either for cutting or for thrusting and was used by legionaries and auxiliaries.
- (zoology) A pen, a hard internal bodypart of certain cephalopods, made of chitin-like material.
- 2017 October 31, Mark Carnall, The Guardian[1]:
- From the Cretaceous of North America fossilised gladii in the enigmatic genus Tusoteuthis have been estimated to give a mantle length (body size) of 1.8m, just less than that of the giant squid’s.
Translations[edit]
Roman sword
zoology: internal skeleton of squid
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Dutch[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Latin gladius (“Roman short sword, gladius”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Audio: (file)
Noun[edit]
gladius m (plural gladii, diminutive gladiusje n)
- Roman short sword; gladius
- Hypernym: kortzwaard
Usage notes[edit]
Like many Dutch words borrowed from Latin, the plural takes the form of the Latin nominative plural.
See also[edit]
Finnish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
< Latin
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
gladius
Declension[edit]
Inflection of gladius (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | gladius | gladiukset | ||
genitive | gladiuksen | gladiusten gladiuksien | ||
partitive | gladiusta | gladiuksia | ||
illative | gladiukseen | gladiuksiin | ||
singular | plural | |||
nominative | gladius | gladiukset | ||
accusative | nom. | gladius | gladiukset | |
gen. | gladiuksen | |||
genitive | gladiuksen | gladiusten gladiuksien | ||
partitive | gladiusta | gladiuksia | ||
inessive | gladiuksessa | gladiuksissa | ||
elative | gladiuksesta | gladiuksista | ||
illative | gladiukseen | gladiuksiin | ||
adessive | gladiuksella | gladiuksilla | ||
ablative | gladiukselta | gladiuksilta | ||
allative | gladiukselle | gladiuksille | ||
essive | gladiuksena | gladiuksina | ||
translative | gladiukseksi | gladiuksiksi | ||
abessive | gladiuksetta | gladiuksitta | ||
instructive | — | gladiuksin | ||
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Related terms[edit]
Latin[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Possibly from Gaulish *kladyos (“sword”), from Proto-Celtic *kladiwos (“sword”) (compare Old Irish claideb (“sword”), Welsh cleddyf (“sword”) from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, break”)).[1] Cognate with Latin clādes, clāva, percellō.
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /ˈɡla.di.us/, [ˈɡɫ̪äd̪iʊs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈɡla.di.us/, [ˈɡläːd̪ius]
Noun[edit]
gladius m (genitive gladiī or gladī); second declension
- sword
- Synonyms: ēnsis, mūcrō, spatha
- Mitte gladium in vaginam. ― Put the sword into its sheath.
- in gladium incumbere ― to fall on one's sword
- (figuratively) murder, death
- Synonym: mors
- a gladiatorial contest
- swordfish
- Synonym: xiphiās
- (slang) penis
Declension[edit]
Second-declension noun.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | gladius | gladiī |
Genitive | gladiī gladī1 |
gladiōrum |
Dative | gladiō | gladiīs |
Accusative | gladium | gladiōs |
Ablative | gladiō | gladiīs |
Vocative | gladie | gladiī |
1Found in older Latin (until the Augustan Age).
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
- Gallo-Italic:
- Gallo-Romance:
- Italo-Romance:
- Borrowings:
References[edit]
- “gladius”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “gladius”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- gladius in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- gladius in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
- a sword hangs over his neck: gladius cervicibus impendet
- to use javelins at a distance, swords at close quarters: eminus hastis, comminus gladiis uti
- to draw one's sword (from the scabbard): gladium educere (e vagīna)
- to sheath one's sword: gladium in vaginam recondere
- to draw one's sword: gladium stringere, destringere
- to plunge one's sword in some one's breast: gladium alicui in pectus infigere
- to transfix, pierce a man's breast with one's sword: gladio aliquem per pectus transfigere (Liv. 2. 46)
- to fight with swords at close quarters: gladio comminus (opp. eminus) rem gerere
- to throw down the javelins (pila) and fight with the sword: omissis pilis gladiis rem gerere
- swords must now decide the day: res ad gladios vēnit
- swords must now decide the day: res gladiis geri coepta est
- to throw oneself on the enemy with drawn sword: strictis gladiis in hostem ferri
- a sword hangs over his neck: gladius cervicibus impendet
- “gladius”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “gladius”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
- Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “gladius”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 4: G H I, page 144
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 263
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