User:Justinrleung/Dungan phonology

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Initials

[edit]
Dungan Wikipedia RK (1967) Salmi (2007) Lin (2007)
Lin (2012)
б /p/ /p/ /p/ /p/
п /pʰ/ /pʰ/[1] /pˣ/ /pʰ/[1]
м /m/ /m/ /m/ /m/
ф /f/ /f/ /f/ /f/
в /v/ /w/ /v/ /v/
д /t/ /t/ /t/ /t/
т /tʰ/ /tʰ/[1] /tˣ/ /tʰ/[1]
н /n/ /n/ /n/ /n/
л /l/ /l/ /l/ /l/
з /ts/ /dz/ /ts/ /ts/
ц /tsʰ/ /tsʰ/[1] /tsˣ/ /tsʰ/[1]
с /s/ /s/ /s/ /s/
р /ɻ/ /r/ /r/ /r/
җ /tʂ/, /tɕ/ /tʂ/ ([tʂ], [tç])[2] /tʂ/, /tɕ/ /tʂ/, /tɕ/
ч /tʂʰ/, /tɕʰ/ /tʂʰ/ ([tʂʰ], [tçʰ])[1][2] /tʂˣ/, /tɕˣ/ /tʂʰ/, /tɕʰ/
ш /ʂ/ /ʂ/[2] /ʂ/ /ʂ/
щ /ɕ/ /ʂ/[2] ([ç]) /ɕ/ /ɕ/
ж /ʐ/ /ʐ/[2] /ʐ/ /ʐ/
й /ʝ/ /i̯/ /ʝ/ -
г /k/ /k/ /k/ /k/
к /kʰ/ /kʰ/[1] /kˣ/ /kʰ/[1]
ң /ŋ/ /ŋ/ /ŋ/ /ŋ/
х /x/ /x/ /x/ /x/

Finals

[edit]
Dungan Wikipedia RK (1967) Salmi (2007) Lin (2007)
Lin (2012)
ы /ɨː/ /ɨ/ /ɨ/[3] /z̩/, /ʐ̩/[4]
и /iː/ /i/ /i/ /i/
ў /uː/ /ŭ/[5] /u/ /u/
ү /yː/ /y/ /y/ /y/
а /aː/ /a/ /a/ /a/
я /ia/ (/jaː/) /ia/ /ia/ /ia/
уа /ua/ /ua/ /ua/ /ua/
ә /ɤː/ /ə/[6] /ɤ/ /ə/
е /iə/ (/jəː/) /ie/ /iɛ/ /iə/
уә /uɤ/ /uə/ /uɤ/ /uə/
үә /yɤ/ /yə/ /yɤ/ /yə/
э /ɛː/ /ɛ/ /ɛ/ /ɛ/
уэ /uɛ/ /uɛ/ /uɛi/ /uɛ/
о /ɔː/ /o/ /ɔ/ /ɔ/
ё /iɔː/ (/jiɔː/) /iɔ/ /iou/ /iɔ/
уэй /uɛi/ -[7] - /uɛi/
ый /ɨi/ /ɨi̯/ /ɨi/ /ei/
уй /uei/ /ui̯/ /ui/ /uei/
у /ʊ/ /u/ /ʊ/[8] /ou/
ю /iou/ (/jou/) /iu/ /iu/ /iou/
ан /æ̃ ~ æn/ /an/ /æ̃ ~ æn/ /æ̃/
ян /iæ̃ ~ iæn/ (/jæ̃ ~ jæn/) /i̯an/ /iæ̃ ~ iæn/ /iæ̃/
уан /uæ̃ ~ uæn/ /uan/ /uæ̃ ~ uæn/ /uæ̃/
үан /yæ̃ ~ yæn/ /yan/ /yæ̃ ~ yæn/ /yæ̃/
он /ɔ̃ ~ ɔn/ /oŋ/ /ɔ̃ ~ ɔn/ /ɑŋ/
ён /iɔ̃ ~ iɔn/ (/jɔ̃ ~ jɔn/) /iɔŋ/ /iɔ̃ ~ iɔn/ /iɑŋ/
уон /uɔn/ /uoŋ/ /uɔ̃ ~ uɔn/ /uɑŋ/
ын /ə̃ ~ ən/ /ɨŋ/ /ə̃ ~ ən/ /əŋ/
ин /ĩ ~ in/ /iŋ/ /ĩ ~ in/ /iŋ/
ун /un/ /uŋ/ /ũ ~ un/ /uŋ/
үн /yŋ/ /yŋ/ /ỹ ~ yn/ /yŋ/
эр /əɻ/ /ɛr/[9] /əɹ/[10] /ɛr/[11]

Erhua rules (Lin, 2012)

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  • If the 韻腹 or 韻尾 is /a/, /ɔ/, /ɛ/, /ə/, /u/, then just insert /ɻ/ at the end.
  • If the coda is a nasal, the nasal is deleted. If the main vowel is open, then just insert /ɻ/ at the end; if the main vowel is high/close,[12] then insert /əɻ/ at the end.
  • For /i/, /y/, insert /əɻ/ at the end.
  • For /z̩/, /ʐ̩/, the vowel is replaced with /əɻ/.

Tones

[edit]
Tone Wikipedia RK (1967) Salmi (2007) Lin (2007)
Lin (2012)
I 1/2 (/˨˦/) I 1/2 (/˩˧/, [˩˧˩]) 平 (/˨˦/)
II 3 (/˥˩/) II 3 (/˥˩/) 上 (/˥˩/)
III 4 (/˦˦/) III 4 (/˦˦˩/) 去 (/˦˦/)

Tone sandhi

[edit]

Two-syllable sequences (Salmi, 2007)[13]

[edit]
Tone of 1st syllableTone of 2nd syllable Ia (/˩˧/) Ib (/˩˧/) II (/˥˩/) III (/˦˦˩/) 0 (/꜊/)
Ia (/˩˧/) [˩˧ ˩˧] [˩˩ ˩˧] [˩˩ ˥˩] [˩˩ ˦˦] [˩˩ ˩˧]
Ib (/˩˧/) [˩˧ ˩˧] [˩˧ ˥˩] [˩˧ ˦˦] [˩˧ ˥˩]
II (/˥˩/) [˥˩ ˨˦] [˥˩ ˥˩] [˥˩ ˦˦] [˥˩ ꜊]
III (/˦˦˩/) [˦˦ ˨˦] [˦˦ ˥˩] [˦˦ ˦˦] [˦˦ ꜊]

Two-syllable sequences (Lin, 2012)

[edit]
Tone of 1st syllableTone of 2nd syllable I (/˨˦/) II (/˥˩/) III (/˦˦/) 0 (/꜊/)
Ia (/˨˦/) [˩˨ ˨˦] [˩˨ ˥˩] [˩˨ ˦˦] [˩˨ ˨˦]
Ib (/˨˦/) [˨˦ ˨˦] [˨˦ ˥˩] [˨˦ ˦˦] [˨˦ ˥˩]
II (/˥˩/) [˥˩ ˨˦] [˧˨ ˥˩] [˥˩ ˦˦] [˥˩ ꜊]
III (/˦˦/) [˦˦ ˨˦] [˦˦ ˥˩] [˦˦ ˦˦] [˦˦ ꜊]

Reduplicated syllable + 子 (зы) (Lin, 2012)

[edit]
Tone of reduplicated syllable Realized tone
Ia (/˨˦/) [˩˨ ˨˦ ꜊]
Ib (/˨˦/) [˨˦ ˥˩ ꜊]
II (/˥˩/) [˥˩ ˩˨ ꜊]
III (/˦˦/) [˦˦ ˩˨ ꜊]

Notes

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 In the source, aspiration is represented with an apostrophe.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Written with a cedilla instead of a hook.
  3. ^ It is "retroflex or alveolar depending on the previous consonant. It is the vowel in Chinese si and shi."
  4. ^ Written as /ɿ/ and /ʅ/.
  5. ^ Lower-high back unrounded vowel.
  6. ^ /əi/ is also listed as a pronunciation.
  7. ^ Seems to be equivalent to ўй /ŭi̯/
  8. ^ Pronounced as /ou/ in Aleksandrovka in Chuy Valley.
  9. ^ /r/ is "the curious velar retroflex ".
  10. ^ Pronounced as /ɯ/ in Aleksandrovka.
  11. ^ /r/ is not trilled.
  12. ^ A little ambiguous, but it seems like only /i/, /y/ apply.
  13. ^ Inferred from table 3 and the notes under.

References

[edit]
  • Lin, Tao (2007). Dongganyu Lungao (东干语论稿). Yinchuan: Ningxia People's Publishing House.
  • Lin, Tao (2012). Dongganyu Diaocha Yanjiu (东干语调查研究). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
  • [RK] Rimsky-Korsakoff, Svetlana (1967). Soviet Dungan: The Chinese Language of Central Asia – Alphabet, Phonology, Morphology. Monumenta Serica 26: 352-421.
  • Salmi, Olli (2007). Central Asian Dungan as a Chinese Dialect.