Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kolme

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This Proto-Uralic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Uralic

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Etymology

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One of the few words found in all languages of the traditional Finno-Ugric group, but absent from Samoyedic (contrast Proto-Samoyedic *nakur).

Reconstruction

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The Hungarian and Mansi forms point to *kormɜ. Kulonen (2002) and Janhunen (2009) suggest that this may be more original than the forms pointing to *-lm- (especially given that original Proto-Uralic *-lm-, for example in *śilmä, does not otherwise behave like in this lexeme); according to Kulonen, these could result from analogy with *neljä (four).

Numeral

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Proto-Uralic cardinal numbers
 <  2 3 4  > 
    Cardinal : *kolme

*kolme

  1. three

Descendants

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From *kormɜ:

  • Ugric:
    • Hungarian: három
    • Mansi:

From *kolme:

  • Ugric:
  • Proto-Permic: *kwiń (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Mari: *kŭm (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Mordvinic: *kolmə
  • Proto-Samic: *kolmë (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Finnic: *kolmi (see there for further descendants)
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References

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  • Janhunen, Juha. 2009. "Proto-Uralic—what, where and when?" In: The quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 258, pp. 57–78.
  • Kulonen, Ulla-Maija. 2002. "Suomalaiset ja suomalais-ugrilaiset luvut ja lukusanat" ('Finnish and Finno-Ugric numbers and numerals'). In: Graham Flegg, Lukujen historia: Sormilla laskemisesta tietokoneisiin, pp. 258–301. Helsinki: Art House. →ISBN
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