Appendix:Old Irish class B II present verbs

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Old Irish class B II verbs (Strachan's A3, McCone's S2) are derived from Proto-Celtic verbs ending in *-yeti, which are derived from Proto-Indo-European verbs ending in *-yeti or *-yéti and correspond to the Latin third conjugation i-stems (e.g. speciō) and Sanskrit class 4 verbs (e.g. पश्यति (paśyati)). The final consonant of the stem is palatalized throughout, meaning that any consonant-initial endings also start with a palatalized consonant.

The endings of the class are the same as for class A II, except for the third-person singular conjunct nondeponent, which ends in the stem-final consonant, not in -i as in the weak conjugation.

See Category:Old Irish class B II present verbs for a list of verbs belonging to this class.

Nondeponent endings

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A sample verb for this class is gaibid (to hold, take). The endings are as follows:

Present indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
Absolute gaibiu / gaibim gaibi gaibid gaibmi gaibthe gaibit gaibthir gaibtir
Conjunct ·gaibiu / ·gaibim ·gaibi ·gaib ·gaibem ·gaibid ·gaibet ·gaibther ·gaibter
Relative gaibes gaibme gaibte gaibther gaibter
Imperfect indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
·gaibinn ·gaibthea ·gaibed ·gaibmis ·gaibthe ·gaibtis ·gaibthe ·gaibtis
Imperative
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
gaib gaibed gaibem gaibid gaibet gaibther gaibter

See Appendix:Old Irish delenition for the change of ending-initial ⟨th⟩ to ⟨t⟩ after certain consonants. An example of a verb with widespread delenition is guidid (to pray):

Present indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
Absolute guidiu / guidim guidi guidid guidmi guidte [ˈɡutʲe] guidit guitir [ˈɡutʲirʲ] guitir [ˈɡudʲirʲ]
Conjunct ·guidiu / ·guidim ·guidi ·guid ·guidem ·guidid ·guidet ·guiter [ˈɡutʲer] ·guiter [ˈɡudʲer]
Relative guides guidme guite [ˈɡudʲe] guiter [ˈɡutʲer] guiter [ˈɡudʲer]
Imperfect indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
·guidinn ·guitea [ˈɡutʲa] ·guided ·guidmis ·guite [ˈɡutʲe] ·guitis [ˈɡudʲisʲ] ·guite [ˈɡutʲe] ·guitis [ˈɡudʲisʲ]
Imperative
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
guid guided guidem guidid guidet guiter [ˈɡutʲer] guiter [ˈɡudʲer]

Depalatalization can be found in the prototonic forms of complex verbs, where syncope brings a nonpalatalized consonant into contact with a palatalized consonant, causing the entire cluster to be nonpalatalized. An example is the prototonic forms of fo·daim (to endure, allow):

Present indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
·fodmu / ·fodmaim ·fodmai ·fodaim ·fodmam ·fodmaid ·fodmat ·fodaimther/·fodmathar ·fodaimter/·fodmatar
Imperfect indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
·fodmainn ·fodmatha ·fodmad ·fodmaimis ·fodaimthe/·fodmaithe ·fodaimtis/·fodmaitis ·fodaimthe/·fodmaithe ·fodaimtis/·fodmaitis
Imperative
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
fodm fodmad fodmam fodmaid fodmat fodaimther/·fodmathar fodaimter/·fodmatar

Deponent endings

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A sample verb for this class is midithir (to judge). As with class A II, the deponent verbs of this class take a linking vowel between the stem and many of the endings. The endings are as follows:

Present indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
Absolute midiur mitter midithir midimmir mitte miditir mittir miditir
Conjunct ·midiur ·mitter ·midethar ·midemmar ·midid ·midetar ·mitter ·midetar
Relative midethar midemmar midetar mitter midetar
Imperfect indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
·midinn ·mittea ·mided ·midimmis ·mitte ·miditis ·mitte ·miditis
Imperative
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
mitte mided midem midid midetar mitter midetar

Further reading

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