되다

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Korean

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Etymology 1

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First attested in the Hunminjeong'eum eonhae (訓民正音諺解本 / 훈민정음언해본), 1446, as Middle Korean ᄃᆞ외다〮 (Yale: tòwòytá). Also attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄃᆞᄫᆡ다〮 (Yale: tòWòytá).

Cognate with Jeju 뒈다 (dweda).

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [twe̞da̠] ~ [tø̞da̠]
    • Audio:(file)
  • Phonetic hangul: [/]
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?doeda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?doeda
McCune–Reischauer?toeda
Yale Romanization?toyta

Verb

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되다 (doeda) (infinitive or 되어, sequential 되니)

  1. to become
    되다wang-i doedato become king
    나무 되다ssi-ga namu-ga doedafor the seed to become a tree
  2. (of a time) to come, to arrive
    약속한 시간 되었다.Yaksokhan sigan-i doeeotda.The appointed time has arrived.
  3. (auxiliary, after the / (-eo/-a) infinitive) to be permissible; to be OK; may
    질문 해도 돼요?Jilmun haedo dwaeyo?May [I] ask a question?
  4. to be... -ed; follows nouns and nominals to form passive verbs. The noun functions as the (-i) / (-ga)-complement of the verb. When there is no particle in between, the construction is written without spaces.
    Coordinate term: 하다 (hada, for active verbs)
    과장(誇張) (gwajang, exaggeration) + ‎되다 (doeda) → ‎과장되다 (gwajangdoeda, to be exaggerated)
    납치(拉致) (napchi, kidnapping) + ‎되다 (doeda) → ‎납치되다 (napchidoeda, to be kidnapped)
    언론에서 사건 지나치게 과장 되었습니다.
    Eollon-eseo sageon-i jinachige gwajang-i doeeotseumnida.
    The incident has been excessively exaggerated in the media.
    납치 되었으나 살해되지 않았습니다.
    Napchi-neun doeeosseuna salhae-doeji-neun anatseumnida.
    He has been kidnapped, but not murdered.
  5. Forms certain adjectives.
    속(俗) (sok, being secular; being vulgar) + ‎되다 (doeda) → ‎속되다 (sokdoeda, to be vulgar)
Usage notes
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  • Both the subject and the complement of this verb take the "nominative" case markers, (-i) for consonant-final nouns and (-ga) for vowel-final ones.
Conjugation
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Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 되〯다〮 (Yale: twǒytá).

Cognate with Jeju 뒈다 (dweda).

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈtwe̞(ː)da̠] ~ [ˈtø̞(ː)da̠]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)/(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?doeda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?doeda
McCune–Reischauer?toeda
Yale Romanization?tōyta

Adjective

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되다 (doeda) (infinitive or 되어, sequential 되니) (possibly dated)

  1. (of paste or rice) (to be) hard, (to be) thick
    Antonym: 묽다 (mukda)
  2. (to be) severe
Conjugation
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Derived terms
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nouns
adverbs
adjectives

Etymology 3

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First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 되〮다〮 (Yale: twóytá).

Cognate with Jeju 뒈다 (dweda).

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈtwe̞(ː)da̠] ~ [ˈtø̞(ː)da̠]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)/(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?doeda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?doeda
McCune–Reischauer?toeda
Yale Romanization?tōyta

Verb

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되다 (doeda) (infinitive or 되어, sequential 되니)

  1. (transitive, dated, used with (-eul) and 으로 (-euro)) to measure the amount of powder, grains, liquids, etc., using measurements such as (mal), (doe), and (hop)
    되다ssar-eul doe-ro doedato grains rice in dwe
Conjugation
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