Appendix:Dutch inflection
Definition from Wiktionary, a free dictionary
This page contains links and information about inflection in the Dutch language.
Contents |
[edit] Nouns
[edit] Gender
Dutch nouns are either masculine, feminine or neuter gender. Masculine and feminine are not distinguished by many speakers, and are then grouped together as a single common gender. Masculine and feminine use the definite article de, and neuter words use the definite article het. The indefinite article is een for all genders.
[edit] Plural
Plural forms can end in -en or -s. When adding -en, vowel length is preserved by either doubling the consonant or removing a vowel in the plural. However some nouns with short vowels get a long vowel in the plural when -en is added. For such nouns, i becomes e.
[edit] Diminutive
Most Dutch nouns can also have diminutives. The diminutive is formed by adding the suffix -tje (or one of its varieties -etje, -je, -pje, -kje depending in the preceding sound). In many dialects the suffix -ke or -ken is also used. The plural of a diminutive always ends in -s.
- beer -> beertje
- haak -> haakje
- fles -> flesje
- boom -> boompje
- koning -> koninkje
- ding -> dingetje
- man -> mannetje
[edit] Links
|
|
[edit] Adjectives
[edit] Inflection
The extra "e" appears in every form, except in indefinite neuter. The example below is in the positive degree, but the rules also apply for the comparative and superlative degree.
| masculine & feminine | neuter | |
| indefinite | een grote kast | een groot huis |
| definite | de grote kast | het grote huis |
[edit] Links
|
[edit] Verbs
[edit] Present participle
In spoken language it can be considered archaic. In written language (mainly books) it is still used, though not as much as in English. Instead, the construction zijn (to be) + aan het + infinitive is used.
The present participle is formed infinitive + d, e.g. lezend (reading). The inflected form is infinitive + de, e.g. lezende. When using the present participle as adjective, use the inflection rules as explained at #Adjectives.
[edit] Separable verbs
Dutch has separable verbs, e.g. toestaan (toe- + staan) becomes hij staat toe in the first-person singular.
Note that there exist verbs with prefixes which are not separable. You can mostly distinguish them by looking to the place of the stress: if the stress falls on the prefix, it is normally separable, and vice versa. E.g. there's a verb overzien (ik zie over) and a verb overzien (ik overzie).
In subclauses, separable verbs aren't anymore separable: ik wil dat hij dit toestaat.
[edit] Links
|
Categories |
Templates |
[edit] Pronouns
Links
[edit] Personal
| Personal pronouns | ||||
| Subject | Object | |||
| Full forms | Mute forms | Full forms | Mute forms | |
| First-person singular | ik | ’k | mij | me |
| Second-person singular | jij | je | jou | je |
| Second-person singular dialectal | gij | ge | u | - |
| Second-person singular polite | u | - | u | u |
| Third-person singular masculine | hij | ie | hem | ’m |
| Third-person singular feminine | zij | ze | haar | ze, ’r, d’r |
| Third-person singular neuter | het | ’t | het | ’t |
| First-person plural | wij | we | ons | - |
| Second-person plural | jullie | je | jullie | je |
| Second-person plural dialectal | gij | ge | u | - |
| Second-person plural polite | u | - | u | - |
| Third-person plural | zij | ze | hen (accusative case)
hun (dative case) |
ze |
[edit] Possessive
| Possessive pronouns | ||
| Full forms | Mute forms | |
| First-person singular | mijn | m’n |
| Second-person singular | jouw | je |
| Second-person singular dialectal & polite | uw | - |
| Third-person singular masculine & neuter | zijn | z’n |
| Third-person singular feminine | haar | ’r, d’r |
| First-person plural | ons (onze) | m’n |
| Second-person plural | jullie | je |
| Second-person plural dialectal & polite | uw | - |
| Third-person plural | hun | ’r, d’r |
[edit] Reflexive
| Reflexive pronouns | |
| First-person singular | me |
| Second-person singular | je |
| Second-person singular dialectal | u |
| Second-person singular polite | zich |
| Third-person singular masculine | zich |
| Third-person singular feminine | zich |
| Third-person singular neuter | zich |
| First-person plural | ons |
| Second-person plural | je |
| Second-person plural dialectal | u |
| Second-person plural polite | zich |
| Third-person plural | zich |
[edit] Reciprocal
[edit] Demonstrative
| Dutch demonstrative pronoun | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine/feminine | Neuter | Plural | ||
| Proximal | deze | dit | deze | |
| Distal | die | dat | die | |
